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18 |
| 1 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Hydrogen |
| Symbol |
H |
| Atomic Number |
1 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈhaɪdrɵdʒɨn/hye-dro-jin |
| Element category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
1 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
1.00794(7) |
| Electron configuration |
1s1 |
| Electrons per shell |
1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation states |
1, -1 (amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.20 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
2.20 (Pauling scale) |
| Covalent radius |
31±5 pm |
| Van der Waals radius |
120 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal conductivity |
0.1805 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of sound |
(gas, 27 °C) 1310 m·s |
| CAS registry number |
1333-74-0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
15 |
20 |
|
|
| Physical Properties |  |
| Color |
colourless |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)0.08988 g/L |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
0.07 (0.0763 solid) g·cm−3 |
| Liquid density at b.p. |
0.07099 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
14.01 K,-259.14 °C,-434.45 °F |
| Boiling Point |
20.28 K,-252.87 °C,-423.17 °F |
| Triple Point |
13.8033 K (-259°C), 7.042 kPa |
| Critical point |
32.97 K, 1.293 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(H2) 0.117 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(H2) 0.904 kJ·mol−1-1 |
| Molar heat capacity |
(H2) 28.836 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 1H |
99.985% |
1H is stable with 0 neutrons |
| 2H |
0.015% |
2H is stable with 0 neutrons |
| 3H |
trace |
12.32 y |
β− |
0.01861 |
3He |
|
|
|
|
H
| |
| | | |
|
| General properties |
| Name |
Helium |
| Symbol |
He |
| Atomic Number |
2 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈhiËliÉ™m/ hee-lee-É™m |
| Element category |
noble gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
1 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
4.002652(2) |
| Electron configuration |
1s2 |
| Electrons per shell |
2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation states |
|
| Electronegativity |
no data (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 2372.3 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 5250.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent radius |
28pm |
| Van der Waals radius |
135pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal structure |
hexagonal close-packed |
| Magnetic ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal conductivity |
0.1513 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of sound |
972 m·s−1 |
| CAS registry number |
7435-59-7 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
1.23 |
1.67 |
2.48 |
4.21 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
0.1786 g/L |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
0.145 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
(at 2.5 MPa) 0.95 K,−272.20 °C,−457.96 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4.22 K,−268.93 °C,−452.07 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical point |
5.19 K, 0.227 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
0.0138 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
0.0829 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar heat capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 3He |
0.000137%* |
3He is stable with 1 neutron |
| 4He |
99.999863%* |
4He is stable with 2 neutron |
| *Atmospheric value, abundance may differ elsewhere. |
|
|
He
|
| 2 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Lithium |
| Symbol |
Li |
| Atomic Number |
3 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈlɪθiəm/ li-thee-əm |
| Element Category |
alkali metal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
6.941(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s1 or [He]2s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+1, -1
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.98 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 520.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 7298.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 11815.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic radius |
152 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
128±7 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
182 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 92.8 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
84.8 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 46 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 6000 m·s |
| Young's modulus |
4.9 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
4.2 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
11 GPa |
| Mohs hardness |
0.6 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-93-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
0.534 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
0.512 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
453.69 K,180.54 °C,356.97 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1615 K,1342 °C,2448 °F |
| Critical Point |
(extrapolated)
3223 K, 67 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
3.00 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
147.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.860 J·mol·K |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
797 |
885 |
995 |
1144 |
1337 |
1610 |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 6Li |
7.5% |
6Li is stable with 3 neutrons |
| 7Li |
92.5% |
7Li is stable with 3 neutrons |
| 6Li content may be as low as 3.75% in |
| natural samples. 7Li would therefore |
| have a content of up to 96.25%. |
|
|
Li
|
| General properties |
| Name |
Beryllium |
| Symbol |
Be |
| Atomic Number |
4 |
| Pronunciation |
/bəˈrɪliəm/ bə-ril-ee-əm |
| Element category |
Alkaline Earth Metal |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
9.012182(3) |
| Electron configuration |
1s2 2s2 |
| Electrons per shell |
2, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation states |
2, 1(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.57 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 899.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1757.1 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 14848.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic radius |
112 pm |
| Covalent radius |
96±3 pm |
| Van der Waals radius |
153 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 36 nΩ·m |
| Thermal conductivity |
200 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
200 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of sound(thin rod) |
(r.t.) 12870 m·s |
| Young's modulus |
287 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
132 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
130 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.032 |
| Mohs hardness |
5.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
1670 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
600 MPa |
| CAS registry number |
7440-41-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
1.85 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.690 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1560 K,1287 °C,2349 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2742 K,2469 °C,4476 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
12.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
297 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar heat capacity |
16.443 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Main article: Isotopes of hydrogen |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 7Be |
trace |
53.12 d |
ε |
0.862 |
7Li |
| γ |
0.477 |
|
| 8Be |
trace |
7*10-17s |
α |
|
4He |
| 9Be |
100% |
9Be is stable with 5 neutrons |
| 10Be |
trace |
1.36*106 y |
β− |
0.556 |
10B |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1462 |
1608 |
1791 |
2023 |
2327 |
2742 |
|
|
Be
|
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Carbon |
| Symbol |
C |
| Atomic Number |
6 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkɑrbən/ |
| Element Category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
14 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
12.0107(8) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s2 2p2 or [He] 2s2 2p2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2,4 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4[6] |
| Electronegativity |
2.55 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 800.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
77(sp3), 73(sp2), 69(sp) pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
170 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic[7] |
| Thermal Conductivity |
119-165 (graphite)
900-2300 (diamond) W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 0.8 (diamond) [8] µm·m-1·K |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 18350 (diamond) m·s |
| Young's modulus |
1050 (diamond)[8] GPa |
| Shear modulus |
478 (diamond) [8] GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
442 (diamond)[8] GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.1 (diamond) [8] |
| Mohs hardness |
1-2 (Graphite)
10 (Diamond) |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-44-0 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
amorphous:1.8–2.1 g·cm−3 |
| Sublimation point |
3915 K,3642 °C,6588 °F |
| Triple Point |
4600 K (4327°C), 10800[2][3] kPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
117 (graphite) kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
8.517(graphite),
6.155(diamond) J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 11C |
syn |
20 min |
β+ |
0.96 |
11B |
| 12C |
98.9% |
12C is stable with 6 neutrons |
| 13C |
1.1% |
13C is stable with 7 neutrons |
| 14C |
trace |
5730 y |
β- |
0.15 |
14N |
|
|
C
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Nitrogen |
| Symbol |
N |
| Atomic Number |
7 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈnaɪtrɵdʒɨn/ nye-tro-jin |
| Element Category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
15 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
14.0067(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s2 2p3 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 5 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2, -3
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
3.04 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 1402.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2856 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 4578.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
71±1 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
155 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
25.83 * 10−3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 27 °C) 353 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7727-37-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
37 |
41 |
46 |
53 |
62 |
77 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
1.251 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
0.808 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
63.15 K,-210.00 °C,-346.00 °F |
| Boiling Point |
77.36 K,-195.79 °C,-320.33 °F |
| Triple Point |
63.1526 K (-210°C), 12.53 kPa |
| Critical Point |
126.19 K, 3.3978 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(N2) 0.72 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(N2) 5.56 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(N2)
29.124 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 13N |
syn |
9.965 min |
ε |
2.220 |
13C |
| 14N |
99.634% |
14N is stable with 7 neutrons |
| 15N |
0.366% |
15N is stable with 8 neutrons |
|
|
N
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Oxygen |
| Symbol |
O |
| Atomic Number |
8 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/ ok-si-jin |
| Element Category |
nonmetal, chalcogen |
| Group |
16 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
15.9994(3) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s2 2p4 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 6 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 1, -1, −2 |
| Electronegativity |
3.44 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization energies |
1st: 1313.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 3388.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 5300.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
66±2 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
152 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
26.58x10−3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 27 °C) 330 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7782-44-7 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
61 |
73 |
90 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
1.429 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
1.141 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
54.36 K,-218.79 °C,-361.82 °F |
| Boiling Point |
90.20 K,-182.95 °C,-297.31 °F |
| Critical Point |
154.59 K, 5.043 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(O2) 0.444 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(O2) 6.82 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(O2)
29.378 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 16O |
99.76% |
16O is stable with 8 neutrons |
| 17 |
0.039% |
17O is stable with 9 neutrons |
| 18 |
0.201% |
18O is stable with 10 neutrons |
|
|
O
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Fluorine |
| Symbol |
F |
| Atomic Number |
9 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈflʊəriːn/, /ˈflʊərɪn/, /ˈflɔːriːn/ |
| Element Category |
halogen |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
18.9984032(5) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s2 2p5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 7 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
-1
(oxidizes oxygen) |
| Electronegativity |
3.98(Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1681.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 3374.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 6050.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
60 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
147 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
0.02591 W·m−1·K−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7782-41-4 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
38 |
44 |
50 |
58 |
69 |
85 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
1.696g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
1.505 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
53.53 K,−219.62 °C,−363.32[5] °F |
| Boiling Point |
85.03 K,-188.12 °C,−306.62[5] °F |
| Critical Point |
144.00 K, 5.220[6] MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
0.51[7]kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
3.27[7] kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(Cp) (21.1 °C) 825[8] J·mol·K
(Cv) (21.1 °C) 610[8] J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 18F |
trace |
109.77 min |
β+ (97%) |
0.633 |
18O |
| ε (3%) |
1.656 |
18O |
| 19F |
100% |
19F is stable with 10 neutrons |
|
|
F
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Neon |
| Symbol |
Ne |
| Atomic Number |
10 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈniËÉ’n/ |
| Element Category |
noble gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
20.1797(6) |
| Electron Configuration |
1s2 2s2 2p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
no data |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 2080.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 3952.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 6122 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
58 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
154 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
49.1x10-3 W·m-1·K-1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 0 °C) 435 m·s-1 |
| Bulk modulus |
654 GPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-01-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
12 |
13 |
15 |
18 |
21 |
27 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
0.9002 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
1.207 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
24.56 K,-248.59 °C,-415.46 °F |
| Boiling Point |
27.07 K,-246.08 °C,-410.94 °F |
| Triple Point |
24.5561 K (-249°C), 43[2][3] kPa |
| Critical Point |
44.4 K, 2.76 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
0.335 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
1.71 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 20Ne |
90.48% |
20Ne is stable with 10 neutrons |
| 21Ne |
0.27% |
21Ne is stable with 11 neutrons |
| 22Ne |
9.25% |
22Ne is stable with 12 neutrons |
|
|
Ne
|
| 3 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Sodium |
| Symbol |
Na |
| Atomic Number |
11 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈsoʊdiəm/ soh-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
alkali metal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
22.98976928(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2,8,1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+1, 0, -1
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.93 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 495.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 4562 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 6910.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic radius |
186 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
166±9 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
227 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 47.7 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
142 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 71 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3200 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
10 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
3.3 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
6.3 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
0.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
0.69 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-23-5 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
1OOK |
| at T (K) |
554 |
617 |
697 |
802 |
946 |
1153 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
0.968 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
0.927 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
370.87 K,97.72 °C,207.9 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1156 K,883 °C,1621 °F |
| Critical Point |
(extrapolated)
2573 K, 35 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
2.60 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
97.42 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
28.230 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 22Na |
trace |
2.602 y |
β+→γ |
0.5454 |
22Ne* |
| 1.27453(2) |
22Ne |
| ε→γ |
- |
22Ne* |
| 1.27453(2) |
22Ne |
| β+ |
1.8200 |
22Ne |
| 23Na |
100% |
23Na is stable with 12 neutrons |
|
|
Na
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Magnesium |
| Symbol |
Mg |
| Atomic Number |
12 |
| Pronunciation |
/mæɡˈniËziÉ™m/, mag-nee-zee-É™m |
| Element Category |
alkaline earth metal |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
24.3050(6) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 1
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.31 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 737.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1450.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 7732.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
160 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
141±7 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
173 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
701 |
773 |
861 |
971 |
1132 |
1361 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
1.738 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.584 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
923 K,650 °C,1202 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1363 K,1091 °C,1994 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
8.48 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
128 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.869 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 24Mg |
78.99% |
24Mg is stable with 12 neutrons |
| 25Mg |
10% |
25Mg is stable with 13 neutrons |
| 26Mg |
11.01% |
26Mg is stable with 14 neutrons |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 43.9 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
156 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 24.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
4940 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
45 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
17 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
45 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.290 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
260 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-95-4 |
|
Mg
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Aluminium |
| Symbol |
Al |
| Atomic Number |
13 |
| Pronunciation |
/əˈluËmɨnÉ™m/;É™-loo-mi-nÉ™m |
| Element Category |
other metal |
| Group |
13 |
| Period |
2 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
26.9815386(13) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s23p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 3 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2, 1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.61 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 577.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1816.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2744.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
143 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
121±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
184 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1482 |
1632 |
1817 |
2054 |
2364 |
2790 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density(near r.t.) |
2.70 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
2.375 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
933.47 K,660.32 °C,1220.58 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2792 K,2519 °C,4566 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
10.71 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
294.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.200 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 26Al |
trace |
7.17*105y |
β+ |
1.17 |
26Mg |
| ε |
- |
26Mg |
| γ |
1.8086 |
- |
| 27Al |
100% |
27Al is stable with 14 neutrons |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 28.2 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
237 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 23.1 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) (rolled) 5,000 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
70 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
26 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
76 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.35 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.75 |
| Vickers Hardness |
167 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
245 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7429-90-5 |
|
Al
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Phosphorus |
| Symbol |
P |
| Atomic Number |
15 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈfɒsfərəs/ fos-fər-əs |
| Element Category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
15 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
30.973762(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s2 3p3 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 5 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4, 3, 2, 1 , -1, -2, -3
(mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.19 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1011.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1907 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2914.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
107±3 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
180 pm |
| Vapour Pressure(White) |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
279 |
307 |
342 |
388 |
453 |
549 |
|
| Vapour Pressure (red, bp. 431 °C) |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
455 |
489 |
529 |
576 |
635 |
704 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Density |
(white) 1.823, (red) ≈ 2.2 – 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 g·cmM−3 |
| Melting Point |
(white) 44.2 °C, (black) 610 °C |
| Sublimation Point |
(red) ≈ 416 – 590 °C, (violet) 620 °C |
| Boiling Point |
(white) 280.5 °C |
| Heat of Fusion |
(white) 0.66 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(white) 12.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(white)
23.824 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 31P |
100% |
31P is stable with 16 neutrons |
| 32P |
syn |
14.28 d |
β− |
1.709 |
32S |
| 33P |
syn |
25.3 d |
β− |
0.249 |
33S |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Magnetic Ordering |
(white,red,violet,black) diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
(white) 0.236, (black) 12.1 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Bulk Modulus |
(white) 5, (red) 11 GPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7723-14-0 |
|
P
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Sulfur |
| Symbol |
S |
| Atomic Number |
16 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈsʌlfər/ sul-fər |
| Element Category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
16 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
32.065(5) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 6 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.58 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 999.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2252 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3357 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
105±3 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
180 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
375 |
408 |
449 |
508 |
591 |
717 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
(alpha) 2.07 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.819 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
388.36 K,115.21 °C,239.38 °F |
| Boiling Point |
717.8 K,444.6 °C,832.3 °F |
| Critical Point |
1314 K, 20.7 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(mono) 1.727 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(mono) 45 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
22.75 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 32S |
95.02% |
32S is stable with 16 neutrons |
| 33S |
0.75% |
33S is stable with 17 neutrons |
| 34S |
4.21% |
34S is stable with 18 neutrons |
| 35S |
syn |
87.32 d |
β− |
0.167 |
35Cl |
| 36 |
0.02% |
36S is stable with 20 neutrons |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) (amorphous)
2*1015 Ω·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
(amorphous)
0.205 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Bulk Modulus |
7.7 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.0 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7704-34-9 |
|
S
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Chlorine |
| Symbol |
Cl |
| Atomic Number |
17 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈklɔəriËn/ klor-een |
| Element Category |
halogen |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
35.453(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s2 3p5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 7 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
3.16 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1251.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2298 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3822 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
102±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
175 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
128 |
139 |
153 |
170 |
197 |
239 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
3.2 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
1.5625 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
171.6 K,-101.5 °C,-150.7 °F |
| Boiling Point |
239.11 K,-34.04 °C,-29.27 °F |
| Critical Point |
416.9 K, 7.991 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(Cl2) 6.406 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(Cl2) 20.41 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(Cl2)
33.949 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 35Cl |
75.77% |
35Cl is stable with 18 neutrons |
| 36Cl |
trace |
3.01*105 y |
β− |
0.709 |
36Ar |
| ε |
- |
36S |
| 37Cl |
24.23% |
37Cl is stable with 20 neutrons |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic[2] |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) > 10 Ω·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
8.9*10−3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 0 °C) 206 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7782-50-5 |
|
Cl
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Argon |
| Symbol |
Ar |
| Atomic Number |
18 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɑrɡɒn/ |
| Element Category |
noble gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
3 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
39.948(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ne] 3s2 3p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
0 |
| Electronegativity |
no data (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1520.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2665.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3931 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
106±10 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
188 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
17.72x10-3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 27 °C) 323 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440–37–1 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
1.784 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
1.40 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
83.80 K,-189.35 °C,−308.83 °F |
| Boiling Point |
87.30 K,-185.85 °C,−302.53 °F |
| Triple Point |
83.8058 K (-189°C), 69 kPa |
| Critical Point |
150.87 K, 4.898 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
1.18 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
6.43 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 36Ar |
0.337% |
36Ar is stable with 18 neutrons |
| 37Ar |
syn |
35 d |
ε |
0.813 |
37Cl |
| 38Ar |
0.063% |
38Ar is stable with 20 neutrons |
| 39Ar |
trace |
269 y |
β− |
0.565 |
39K |
| 40Ar |
99.600% |
40Ar is stable with 22 neutrons |
| 41Ar |
syn |
109.34 min |
β− |
2.49 |
41K |
| 42Ar |
syn |
32.9 y |
β− |
0.600 |
42K |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| at T (K) |
|
47 |
53 |
61 |
71 |
87 |
|
|
Ar
|
| 4 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Potassium |
| Symbol |
K |
| Atomic Number |
19 |
| Pronunciation |
/pɵˈtæsiəm/ po-tas-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
alkali metal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
39.0983(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 8, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
1
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.82 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 418.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 3052 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 4420 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
227 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
203±12 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
275 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 72 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
102.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 83.3 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2000 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
3.53 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
1.3 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
3.1 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
0.4 |
| Brinell Hardness |
0.363 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-09-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
0.862 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
0.828 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
336.53 K,63.38 °C,146.08 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1032 K,759 °C,1398 °F |
| Triple Point |
336.35 K (63°C), kPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
2.33 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
76.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
29.6 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 39K |
93.26% |
39K is stable with 20 neutrons |
| 40K |
0.012% |
1.248(3)—109 y |
β− |
1.311 |
40Ca |
| ε |
1.505 |
40Ar |
| β+ |
1.505 |
40Ar |
| 41K |
6.73% |
41K is stable with 22 neutrons |
|
|
K
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Calcium |
| Symbol |
Ca |
| Atomic Number |
20 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkælsiəm/ kal-see-əm |
| Element Category |
alkaline earth metal |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
alkaline earth metal |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 8, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+2, +1
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.00 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 589.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1145.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 4912.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
197 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
176±10 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
231 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 33.6 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
201 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 22.3 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3810 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
20 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
7.4 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
17 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.31 |
| Mohs Hardness |
1.75 |
| Brinell Hardness |
167 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-70-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density(near r.t.) |
1.55 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.378 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1115 K, 842 °C, 1548 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1757 K, 1484 °C, 2703 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
8.54 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
154.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.929 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 40Ca |
a 96.941% |
40Ca is stable with 20 neutrons |
| 41Ca |
trace |
1.03*105 y |
ε |
- |
41K |
| 42Ca |
0.647% |
42Ca is stable with 22 neutrons |
| 43Ca |
0.135% |
43Ca is stable with 23 neutrons |
| 44Ca |
2.086% |
44Ca is stable with 24 neutrons |
| 45Ca |
syn |
162.7 d |
β− |
0.258 |
45Sc |
| 46Ca |
0.004% |
>2.8*1015 y |
β−β− |
? |
46Ti |
| 47Ca |
syn |
4.536 d |
β− |
0.694, 1.99 |
47Sc |
| γ |
1.297 |
- |
| 48Ca |
0.187% |
>4*1019 y |
β−β− |
? |
48Ti |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
864 |
956 |
1071 |
1227 |
1443 |
1755 |
|
|
Ca
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Scandium |
| Symbol |
Sc |
| Atomic Number |
21 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈskændiəm/ skan-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
3 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
44.955912(6) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d1 4s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 9, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2, 1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.36 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 633.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1235.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2388.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
162 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
170±7 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
211 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly)
calc. 562 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
15.8 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly)
10.2 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3810 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
74.4 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
29.1 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
56.6 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.279 |
| Brinell Hardness |
750 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-20-2 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
) 1645 |
1804 |
(2006) |
(2266 |
(2613) |
(3101) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
2.985 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
2.80 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1814 K,1541 °C,2806 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3109 K,2836 °C,5136 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
14.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
332.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.52 J·mol·K-1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 44Sc |
syn |
58.61 h |
IT |
0.2709 |
44Sc |
| γ |
1.0, 1.1, 1.1 |
44Sc |
| ε |
- |
44Ca |
| 45Sc |
100% |
45Sc is stable with 24 neutrons |
| 46Sc |
syn |
83.79 d |
β− |
0.3569 |
46Ti |
| γ |
0.889, 1.120 |
- |
| 47Sc |
syn |
3.3492 d |
β− |
0.44, 0.60 |
47Ti |
| γ |
0.159 |
- |
| 48Sc |
syn |
43.67 h |
β− |
0.661 |
48Ti |
| γ |
0.9, 1.3, 1.0 |
- |
|
|
Sc
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Titanium |
| Symbol |
Ti |
| Atomic Number |
22 |
| Pronunciation |
/taɪˈteɪniəm/
tye-tay-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
4 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
47.867(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 10, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2, 1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.54 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 658.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1309.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2652.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
147 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
160±8 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 420 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
21.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 8.6 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) 5,090 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
116 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
44 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
110 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.32 |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
970 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
716 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-32-6 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
4.506 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
4.11 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1941 K,1668 °C,3034 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3560 K,3287 °C,5949 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
14.15 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
425 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.060 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 44Ti |
syn |
63 y |
ε |
- |
44Sc |
| γ |
0.07D, 0.08D |
- |
| 46Ti |
8.0% |
46Ti is stable with 24 neutrons |
| 47Ti |
7.3% |
47Ti is stable with 25 neutrons |
| 48Ti |
73.8% |
48Ti is stable with 26 neutrons |
| 49Ti |
5.5% |
49Ti is stable with 27 neutrons |
| 50Ti |
i 5.4% |
50Ti is stable with 28 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1982 |
2171 |
(2403) |
2692 |
3064 |
3558 |
|
|
Ti
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Vanadium |
| Symbol |
V |
| Atomic Number |
23 |
| Pronunciation |
/vəˈneɪdiəm/
və-nay-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
5 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
50.9415(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 11, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.63 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 650.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1414 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2830 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
134 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
153±8 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 197 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
30.7 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 8.4 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 4560 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
128 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
47 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
160 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.37 |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.7 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-62-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
6.0 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
5.5 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2183 K,1910 °C,3470 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3680 K,3407 °C,6165 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
21.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
459 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.89 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 48V |
syn |
15.9735 d |
ε+β+ |
4.0123 |
48Ti |
| 49V |
syn |
330 d |
ε |
0.6019 |
49Ti |
| 50V |
0.25% |
1.5*1017y |
ε |
2.2083 |
50Ti |
| β− |
1.0369 |
50Cr |
| 51V |
99.75% |
51V is stable with 28 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2101 |
2289 |
2523 |
2814 |
3187 |
3679 |
|
|
V
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Chromium |
| Symbol |
Cr |
| Atomic Number |
24 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkroʊmiəm/ kroh-mee-əm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
6 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
51.9961(6) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d5 4s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 13, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.66 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 652.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1590.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2987 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
128 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
139±5 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
AFM (rather: SDW ) |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 125 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
93.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 4.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 5940 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
279 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
115 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
160 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.21 |
| Mohs Hardness |
8.5 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1060 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
1120 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-47-3 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.19 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.3 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2180 K,1907 °C,3465 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2944 K,2671 °C,4840 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
21.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
339.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
23.35 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 50Cr |
4.345% |
> 1.8*1017y |
εε |
- |
50Ti |
| 51Cr |
syn |
27.7025 d |
ε |
- |
51V |
| γ |
0.320 |
- |
| 52Cr |
83.789% |
52Cr is stable with 28 neutrons |
| 53Cr |
9.501% |
53Cr is stable with 29 neutrons |
| 54Cr |
2.365% |
54Cr is stable with 30 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1656 |
1807 |
1991 |
2223 |
2530 |
2942 |
|
|
Cr
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Manganese |
| Symbol |
Mn |
| Atomic Number |
25 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈmæŋɡəniËz/ mang-gÉ™n-neez |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
7 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
54.938045(5) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 13, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2, -3
(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state) |
| Electronegativity |
1.55 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 717.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1509.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3248 kJ·mol−10.02591[15] W·m−1·K−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
127 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
139±5 (low spin), 161±8 (high spin) pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 1.44 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
7.81 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 21.7 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 5150 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
198 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
120 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.0 |
| Brinell Hardness |
196 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-96-5 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.21 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
5.95 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1519 K,1246 °C,2275 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2334 K,2061 °C,3742 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
12.91 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
221 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.32 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 52Mn |
syn |
5.591 d |
ε |
- |
52Cr |
| β+ |
0.575 |
52Cr |
| γ |
0.7, 0.9, 1.4 |
- |
| 53Mn |
trace |
3.74 *106 y |
ε |
- |
53Cr |
| 54Mn |
syn |
312.3 d |
ε |
1.377 |
54Cr |
| γ |
0.834 |
- |
| 55Mn |
100% |
55Mn is stable with 30 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1228 |
1347 |
1493 |
1691 |
1955 |
2333 |
|
|
Mn
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Iron |
| Symbol |
Fe |
| Atomic Number |
26 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈaɪ.ərn/ |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
8 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
55.845(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d6 4s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 14, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Electronegativity |
1.83 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 762.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1561.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2957 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
126 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
132±3 (low spin), 152±6 (high spin) pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
ferromagnetic 1043 K |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 96.1 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
80.4 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 11.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) (electrolytic)
5120 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
211 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
82 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
170 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.29 |
| Mohs Hardness |
4 |
| Vickers Hardness |
608 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
490 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-89-6 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.874 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.98 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1811 K,1538 °C,2800 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3134 K,2862 °C,5182 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
13.81 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
340 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.10 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 54Fe |
5.8% |
>3.1*1022y |
2ε capture |
? |
54Cr |
| 55Fe |
syn |
2.73 y |
ε capture |
0.231 |
55Mn |
| 56Fe |
91.72% |
56Fe is stable with 30 neutrons |
| 57Fe |
2.2% |
57Fe is stable with 31 neutrons |
| 58Fe |
0.28% |
58Fe is stable with 32 neutrons |
| 59Fe |
syn |
44.503 d |
β− |
1.565 |
59Co |
| 60Fe |
syn |
2.6*106 y |
β− |
3.978 |
60Co |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1728 |
1890 |
2091 |
2346 |
2679 |
3132 |
|
|
Fe
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Cobalt |
| Symbol |
Co |
| Atomic Number |
27 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkoʊbɒlt/ koh-bolt |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
9 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
58.933195(5) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d7 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 15, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4 , 3, 2, 1, -1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.88 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 760.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1648 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3232 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
125 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
126±3 (low spin), 150±7 (high spin) pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
ferromagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 62.4 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
100 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 13.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 4720 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
209 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
75 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
180 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.31 |
| Mohs Hardness |
5.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1043 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
700 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-48-4 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
metallic gray |
| Density |
8.90 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.75 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1768 K,1495 °C,2723 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3200 K,2927 °C,5301 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
16.06 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
377 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.81 J·mol· |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 56Co |
syn |
77.27 d |
ε |
4.566 |
56Fe |
| 57Co |
syn |
271.79 d |
ε |
0.836 |
57Fe |
| 58Co |
syn |
70.86 d |
ε |
2.307 |
58Fe |
| 59Co |
100% |
59Co is stable with 32 neutrons |
| 60Co |
syn |
5.2714 years |
β−, γ, γ |
2.824 |
60Ni |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1790 |
1960 |
2165 |
2423 |
2755 |
3198 |
|
|
Co
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Nickel |
| Symbol |
Ni |
| Atomic Number |
28 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈnɪkəl/ |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
10 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
58.6934(4)(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d8 or [Ar] 4s1 3d9 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2, 1 , -1
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.91 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 737.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1753.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3395 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
124 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
124±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
163 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
ferromagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 69.3 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
90.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 13.4 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) 4900 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
200 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
76 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
180 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.31 |
| Mohs Hardness |
4.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
638 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
700 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-02-0 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.908 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.81 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1728 K,1455 °C,2651 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3186 K,2913 °C,5275 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
17.48 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
377.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.07 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 58Ni |
68.077% |
58Ni is stable with 30 neutrons |
| 59Ni |
trace |
76000 y |
ε |
- |
59Co |
| 60Ni |
26.223% |
60Ni is stable with 32 neutrons |
| 61Ni |
1.14% |
61Ni is stable with 33 neutrons |
| 62Ni |
3.634% |
62Ni is stable with 34 neutrons |
| 63Ni |
syn |
100.1 y |
β− |
0.0669 |
63Cu |
| 64Ni |
0.926% |
64Ni is stable with 36 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1783 |
1950 |
2154 |
2410 |
2741 |
3184 |
|
|
Ni
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Copper |
| Symbol |
Cu |
| Atomic Number |
29 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkɒpər/ kop-ər |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
11 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
63.546(3) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s1 3d10 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+1, +2, +3, +4
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.90 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 745.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1957.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3555 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
128 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
132±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
140 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 16.78 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
401 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 11.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) (annealed)
3810 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
110–128 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
48 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
140 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.34 |
| Mohs Hardness |
3.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
369 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
874 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-50-8 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.94 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
8.02 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1357.77 K,1084.62 °C,1984.32 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2835 K,2562 °C,4643 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
13.26 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
300.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.440 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 63Cu |
69.15% |
63Cu is stable with 34 neutrons |
| 65Cu |
30.85% |
65Cu is stable with 36 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1509 |
1661 |
1850 |
2089 |
2404 |
2834 |
|
|
Cu
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Zinc |
| Symbol |
Zn |
| Atomic Number |
30 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈzɪŋk/ zingk |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
12 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
65.38(2)(4) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+2, +1, 0
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.65 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 906.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1733.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3833 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
134 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
122±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
139 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 59.0 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
116 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 30.2 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) (rolled) 3850 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
108 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
43 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
70 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.25 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
412 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-66-6 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.14 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.57 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
692.68 K,419.53 °C,787.15 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1180 K,907 °C,1665 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
7.32 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
123.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.470 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 64Zn |
48.6% |
64Zn is stable with 34 neutrons |
| 65Zn |
syn |
243.8 d |
ε |
1.3519 |
65Cu |
| γ |
1.1155 |
- |
| 66Zn |
27.9% |
66Zn is stable with 36 neutrons |
| 67Zn |
4.1% |
67Zn is stable with 37 neutrons |
| 68Zn |
18.8% |
68Zn is stable with 38 neutrons |
| 70Zn |
0.6% |
70Zn is stable with 40 neutrons |
| 72Zn |
syn |
46.5 h |
β− |
0.458 |
72Ga |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
610 |
670 |
750 |
852 |
990 |
1179 |
|
|
Zn
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Gallium |
| Symbol |
Ga |
| Atomic Number |
31 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɡæliəm/ gal-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
post-transition metal |
| Group |
13 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
69.723(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 3 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2, 1
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.81 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 578.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1979.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2963 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
135 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
122±3 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
187 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
orthorhombic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 270 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
40.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 1.2 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2740 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
9.8 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.47 |
| Mohs Hardness |
1.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
60 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-55-3 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
5.91 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.095 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
302.9146 K,29.7646 °C,85.5763 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2477 K,2204 °C,3999 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
5.59 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
254 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.86 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 69Ga |
60.11% |
69Ga is stable with 38 neutrons |
| 71Ga |
39.89% |
71Ga is stable with 40 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1310 |
1448 |
1620 |
1838 |
2125 |
2518 |
|
|
Ga
|
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Selenium |
| Symbol |
Se |
| Atomic Number |
34 |
| Pronunciation |
/sɨˈliËniÉ™m/ si-lee-nee-É™m |
| Element Category |
nonmetal |
| Group |
16 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
78.96 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 6 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 4, 2, 1, -2
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.55 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 941.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2045 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2973.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
120 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
120±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
190 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
(amorphous) 0.519 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) (amorphous) 37 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3350 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
10 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
3.7 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
8.3 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.33 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.0 |
| Brinell Hardness |
736 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7782-49-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(gray) 4.81 g·cm−3 |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(alpha) 4.39 g·cm−3 |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(vitreous) 4.28 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
3.99 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
494 K,221 °C,430 °F |
| Boiling Point |
958 K,685 °C,1265 °F |
| Critical Point |
1766 K, 27.2 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(gray) 6.69 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
95.48 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.363 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 72Se |
syn |
8.4 d |
ε |
- |
72As |
| γ |
0.046 |
- |
| 74Se |
0.87% |
74Se is stable with 40 neutrons |
| 75Se |
syn |
119.779 d |
ε |
- |
75As |
| γ |
0.264, |
- |
|
0.136 |
|
|
0.279 |
|
| 76Se |
9.36% |
76Se is stable with 42 neutrons |
| 77Se |
7.63% |
77Se is stable with 43 neutrons |
| 78Se |
23.78% |
78Se is stable with 44 neutrons |
| 79Se |
trace |
3.27*105 y |
β− |
0.151 |
79Br |
| 80Se |
49.61% |
80Se is stable with 46 neutrons |
| 82Se |
8.73% |
1.08*1020 y |
β−β− |
2.995 |
82Kr |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
500 |
552 |
617 |
704 |
813 |
958 |
|
|
Se
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Bromine |
| Symbol |
Br |
| Atomic Number |
35 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈbroÊŠmiËn/ broh-meen
or /ˈbroʊmɨn/ broh-min |
| Element Category |
Halogen |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
79.904(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 7 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 5, 4, 3, 1, -1
(strongly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.96 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1139.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2103 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3470 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
120 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
120±3 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
185 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
185 |
201 |
220 |
244 |
276 |
332 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Liquid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(Br2, liquid) 3.1028 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
265.8 K,-7.2 °C,19 °F |
| Boiling Point |
332.0 K,58.8 °C,137.8 °F |
| Critical Point |
588 K, 10.34 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(Br2) 10.571 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(Br2) 29.96 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(Br2)
75.69 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 79Br |
50.69% |
79Br is stable with 44 neutrons |
| 81Br |
49.31% |
81Br is stable with 46 neutrons |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 7.8*1010Ω·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
0.122 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20°C) 206 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7726-95-6 |
|
Br
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Krypton |
| Symbol |
Kr |
| Atomic Number |
36 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkrɪptɒn/ krip-ton |
| Element Category |
Noble Gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
4 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
83.798 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2 |
| Electronegativity |
3.00 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1350.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2350.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3470 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
116±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
202 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Cubic Face-Centered |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
9.43x10-3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(gas, 23 °C) 220, (liquid) 1120 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-90-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
59 |
65 |
74 |
120 |
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
3.749 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
2.413 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
115.79 K,-157.36 °C,-251.25 °F |
| Boiling Point |
119.93 K,-153.22 °C,-244.12 °F |
| Triple Point |
115.775 K (-157°C), 73.2 kPa |
| Critical Point |
209.41 K, 5.50 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
1.64 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
9.08 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 78Kr |
0.35% |
78Kr is stable with 42 neutrons |
| 79Kr |
syn |
35.04 h |
ε |
- |
79Br |
| β+ |
0.604 |
79Br |
| γ |
0.26, 0.39, 0.60 |
- |
| 80Kr |
2.25% |
80Kr is stable with 44 neutrons |
| 81Kr |
Trace |
2.29*105 y |
ε |
- |
81Br |
| γ |
0.281 |
|
| 82Kr |
11.6% |
82Kr is stable with 46 neutrons |
| 83Kr |
11.5% |
83Kr is stable with 47 neutrons |
| 84Kr |
57% |
84Kr is stable with 48 neutrons |
| 85Kr |
syn |
10.756 y |
β− |
0.687 |
85Rb |
| 86Kr |
17.3% |
86Kr is stable with 50 neutrons |
|
|
Kr
|
| 5 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Rubidium |
| Symbol |
Rb |
| Atomic Number |
37 |
| Pronunciation |
/rʉˈbɪdiəm/ roo-bid-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Alkali Metal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
85.4678(3) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 8, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
1
(Strongly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.82 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 403 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2632.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3859.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
248 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
220±9 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
303 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Body-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 128 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
58.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 1300 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
2.4 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
2.5 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
0.3 |
| Brinell Hardness |
0.216 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-17-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
1.532 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.46 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
312.46 K,39.31 °C,102.76 °F |
| Boiling Point |
961 K,688 °C,1270 °F |
| Critical Point |
(Extrapolated) 2093 K, 16 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
2.19 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
75.77 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
31.060 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 83Rb |
syn |
86.2 d |
ε |
- |
83Kr |
| γ |
0.52, |
- |
| 0.53, |
| 0.55 |
| 84Rb |
syn |
32.9 d |
ε |
- |
84Kr |
| β+ |
1.66, 0.78 |
84Kr |
| γ |
0.881 |
- |
| β− |
0.892 |
84Sr |
| 85Rb |
72.168% |
85Rb is stable with 48 neutrons |
| 86Rb |
syn |
18.65 d |
β− |
1.775 |
86Sr |
| γ |
1.0767 |
- |
| 87Rb |
27.835% |
4.88*1010 y |
β− |
0.283 |
87Sr |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
434 |
486 |
552 |
641 |
769 |
958 |
|
|
Rb
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Strontium |
| Symbol |
Sr |
| Atomic Number |
38 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈstrɒnʃiəm/
stron-shee-əm;
/ˈstrɒntiəm/
stron-tee-əm;
/ˈstrɒnʃəm/ stron-shəm |
| Element Category |
Alkaline Earth Metal |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
87.62 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 8, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 1 (strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.95 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 549.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1064.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 4138 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
215 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
195±10 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
249 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 132 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
35.4 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 22.5 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Shear Modulus |
6.1 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.28 |
| Mohs Hardness |
1.5 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-24-6 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
2.64 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
2.375 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1050 K,777 °C,1431 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1655 K,1382 °C,2520 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
7.43 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
136.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.4 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 82Sr |
syn |
25.36 d |
ε |
- |
82Rb |
| 83Sr |
syn |
1.35 d |
ε |
- |
83Rb |
| β+ |
1.23 |
83Rb |
| γ |
0.76, 0.36 |
- |
| 84Sr |
0.56% |
84Sr is stable with 46 neutrons |
| 85Sr |
syn |
64.84 d |
ε |
- |
85Rb |
| γ |
0.514D |
- |
| 86Sr |
9.86% |
86Sr is stable with 48 neutrons |
| 87Sr |
7.0% |
87Sr is stable with 49 neutrons |
| 88Sr |
82.58% |
88Sr is stable with 50 neutrons |
| 89Sr |
Syn |
50.52 d |
ε |
1.49 |
89Rb |
| β− |
0.909D |
89Y |
| 90Sr |
Trace |
28.90 y |
β− |
0.546 |
90Y |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
796 |
882 |
990 |
1139 |
1345 |
1646 |
|
|
Sr
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Yttrium |
| Symbol |
Y |
| Atomic Number |
39 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɪtriəm/ it-ree-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
3 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
88.90585 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d1 5s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 9, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2, 1 (Weakly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.22 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 600 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1180 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 1980 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
180 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
190±7 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 596 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
17.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly)
10.6 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3300 m·s-1 |
| Young's Modulus |
63.5 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
25.6 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
41.2 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.243 |
| Brinell Hardness |
589 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-65-5 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
4.472 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
4.24 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1799 K,1526 °C,2779 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3609 K,3336 °C,6037 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
11.42 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
365 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.53 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 87 Y |
Syn |
3.35 d |
ε |
- |
87Sr |
| γ |
0.48, 0.38D |
- |
| 88Y |
Syn |
106.6 d |
ε |
- |
88Sr |
| γ |
1.83, 0.89 |
- |
| 89Y |
100% |
89Y is stable with 50 neutrons |
| 90Y |
Syn |
2.67 d |
β− |
2.28 |
90Zr |
| γ |
2.18 |
- |
| 91Y |
Syn |
58.5 d |
β− |
1.54 |
91Zr |
| γ |
1.20 |
- |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1883 |
2075 |
(2320) |
(2627) |
(3036) |
(3607) |
|
|
Y
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Zirconium |
| Symbol |
Zr |
| Atomic Number |
40 |
| Pronunciation |
/zərˈkoʊniəm/ zər-koh-ni-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
4 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
91.224 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s2 4d2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 10, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2, 1,
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.33 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 640.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1270 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2218 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
160 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
175±7 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal Close-Packed |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 421 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
22.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 5.7 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3800 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
88 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
33 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
91.1 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.34 |
| Mohs Hardness |
5.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
903 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-67-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
6.52 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
5.8 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2128 K,1855 °C,3371 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4682 K,4409 °C,7968 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
14 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
573 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.36 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 88Zr |
Syn |
83.4 d |
ε |
- |
88Y |
| γ |
0.392D |
- |
| 89Zr |
Syn |
78.4 h |
ε |
- |
89Y |
| β+ |
0.902 |
89Y |
| γ |
0.909D |
- |
| 90Zr |
51.45% |
90Zr is stable with 50 neutrons |
| 91Zr |
11.22% |
91Zr is stable with 51 neutrons |
| 92Zr |
17.15% |
92Zr is stable with 52 neutrons |
| 93Zr |
Trace |
1.53*106 y |
β− |
0.060 |
93Nb |
| 94Zr |
17.38% |
>1.1*1017 y |
β−β− |
1.144 |
94Mo |
| 96Zr |
2.8% |
2.0*1019 y |
β−β− |
3.348 |
96Mo |
|
|
Zr
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Niobium |
| Symbol |
Nb |
| Atomic Number |
41 |
| Pronunciation |
/naɪˈoʊbiəm/
nye-oh-bee-əm;
alternatively, /kəˈlʌmbiəm/
kə-lum-bee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
5 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
92.90638 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d4 5s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 12, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4, 3, 2, -1
(Mildly Acidic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.6 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 652.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1380 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2416 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
146 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
164±6 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Cubic Body-Centered |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(0 °C) 152 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
53.7 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
7.3 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3800 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
105 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
38 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
170 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.40 |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1320 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
736 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-03-1 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.57 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2750 K,2477 °C,4491 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5017 K,4744 °C,8571 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
30 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
689.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.60 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 91Nb |
Syn |
6.8*102 y |
ε |
- |
91Zr |
| 91mNb |
Syn |
60.86 d |
IT |
0.104e |
91Nb |
| 92Nb |
Syn |
10.15 d |
ε |
- |
92Zr |
| γ |
0.934 |
- |
| 92Nb |
Syn |
3.47*107y |
ε |
- |
92Zr |
| γ |
0.561, 0.934 |
- |
| 93Nb |
100% |
93Nb is stable with 52 neutrons |
| 93mNb |
Syn |
16.13 y |
IT |
0.031e |
93Nb |
| 94Nb |
Syn |
2.03*104 y |
β− |
0.471 |
94Mo |
| γ |
0.702, 0.871 |
- |
| 95Nb |
Syn |
34.991 d |
β− |
0.159 |
95Mo |
| γ |
0.765 |
- |
| 95mNb |
syn |
3.61 d |
IT |
0.235 |
95Nb |
|
| |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2942 |
3207 |
3524 |
3910 |
4393 |
5013 |
|
|
Nb
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Molybdenum |
| Symbol |
Mo |
| Atomic Number |
42 |
| Pronunciation |
/ËŒmÉ’lɪbˈdiËnÉ™m/ mol-ib-dee-nÉ™m
or /məˈlɪbdɨnəm/ mə-lib-di-nəm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
6 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
95.94(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s1 4d5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 13, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2
(Strongly Acidic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.16 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 684.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1560 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2618 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
139 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
154±5 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Body-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 53.4 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
138 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 4.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's Modulus |
329 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
126 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
230 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.31 |
| Mohs Hardness |
5.5 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1530 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
1500 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-98-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
10.28 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
9.33 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2896 K,2623 °C,4753 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4912 K,4639 °C,8382 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
37.48 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
598 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.06 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 92Mo |
14.84% |
92Mo is stable with 50 neutrons |
| 93Mo |
Syn |
4*103 y |
ε |
- |
93Nb |
| 94Mo |
9.25% |
94Mo is stable with 52 neutrons |
| 95Mo |
15.92% |
95Mo is stable with 53 neutrons |
| 96Mo |
16.68% |
96Mo is stable with 54 neutrons |
| 97Mo |
9.55% |
97Mo is stable with 55 neutrons |
| 98Mo |
24.13% |
98Mo is stable with 56 neutrons |
| 99Mo |
Syn |
65.94 h |
β− |
0.436, |
99mTc |
| 1.214 |
| γ |
0.74, |
- |
| 0.36, |
| 0.14 |
| 100Mo |
9.63% |
7.8*1018 y |
β−β− |
3.04 |
100Ru |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2742 |
2994 |
3312 |
3707 |
4212 |
4879 |
|
|
Mo
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Technetium |
| Symbol |
Tc |
| Atomic Number |
43 |
| Pronunciation |
/tÉ›kˈniËʃiÉ™m/
tek-nee-shee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
7 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
98(0) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d5 5s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 13, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -3
(Strongly Acidic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.9 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 702 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1470 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2850 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
136 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
147±7 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
50.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 16,200 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-26-8 |
| Vapour Pressure Extrapolated |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
1OK |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2727 |
2998 |
3324 |
3726 |
4234 |
4894 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
11 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2430 K,2157 °C,3915 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4538 K,4265 °C,7709 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
33.29 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
33.29 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.27 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 95mTc |
Syn |
61 d |
ε |
- |
95Mo |
| γ |
0.204, |
- |
| 0.582, |
| 0.835 |
| IT |
0.0389, e |
95Tc |
| 96Tc |
Syn |
4.3 d |
ε |
- |
96Mo |
| γ |
0.778, |
- |
| 0.849, |
| 0.812 |
| 97Tc |
Syn |
2.6*106 y |
ε |
- |
97Mo |
| 97mTc |
Syn |
91 d |
IT |
0.965, e |
97Tc |
| 98Tc |
Syn |
4.2*106 y |
β− |
0.4 |
98Ru |
| γ |
0.745, 0.652 |
- |
| 99Tc |
Trace |
2.111*105 y |
β− |
0.294 |
99Ru |
| 99mTc |
Syn |
6.01 h |
IT |
0.142, 0.002 |
99Tc |
| γ |
0.140 |
- |
|
|
Tc
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ruthenium |
| Symbol |
Ru |
| Atomic Number |
44 |
| Pronunciation |
/ruËˈθiËniÉ™m/
roo-thee-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
8 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
101.07 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1,[1], -2
(Mildly Acidic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.2 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 710.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1620 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2747 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
134 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
146±7 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(0 °C) 71 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
117 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 6.4 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 5970 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
447 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
173 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
220 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.30 |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
2160 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-18-8 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Density (near r.t.) |
12.45 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
10.65 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2607 K,2334 °C,4233 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4423 K,4150 °C,7502 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
38.59 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
591.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.06 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 96Ru |
5.52% |
96Ru is stable with 52 neutrons |
| 97Ru |
Syn |
2.9 d |
ε |
- |
97Tc |
| γ |
0.215, 0.324 |
- |
| 98Ru |
1.88% |
98Ru is stable with 54 neutrons |
| 99Ru |
12.7% |
99Ru is stable with 55 neutrons |
| 100Ru |
12.6% |
100Ru is stable with 56 neutrons |
| 101Ru |
17.0% |
101Ru is stable with 57 neutrons |
| 102Ru |
31.6% |
102Ru is stable with 58 neutrons |
| 103Ru |
Syn |
39.26 d |
β− |
0.226 |
103Rh |
| γ |
0.497 |
- |
| 104Ru |
18.7% |
104Ru is stable with 60 neutrons |
| 106Ru |
Syn |
373.59 d |
β− |
3.54 |
106Rh |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2588 |
2811 |
3087 |
3424 |
3845 |
4388 |
|
|
Ru
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Rhodium |
| Symbol |
Rh |
| Atomic Number |
45 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈroʊdiəm/ roh-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
9 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
102.90550 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s1 4d8 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 16, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1
(Amphoteric Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.28 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 719.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1740 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2997 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
134 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
142±7 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(0 °C) 43.3 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
150 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 8.2 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 4700 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
380 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
150 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
275 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.26 |
| Mohs Hardness |
6.0 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1246 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
1100 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-16-6 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
12.41 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
10.7 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2237 K,1964 °C,3567 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3968 K,3695 °C,6683 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
26.59 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
494 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.98 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 99Rh |
Syn |
16.1 d |
ε |
- |
99Ru |
| γ |
0.089, 0.353, |
- |
| 0.528 |
| 101mRh |
Syn |
4.34 d |
ε |
- |
101Ru |
| IT |
0.157 |
101Rh |
| γ |
0.306, 0.545 |
- |
| 101Rh |
Syn |
3.3 y |
ε |
- |
101Ru |
| γ |
0.127, 0.198, |
- |
| 0.325 |
| 102mRh |
Syn |
2.9 y |
ε |
- |
102Ru |
| γ |
0.475, 0.631, |
- |
| 0.697, 1.046 |
| 102Rh |
Syn |
207 d |
ε |
- |
102Ru |
| β+ |
0.826, 1.301 |
102Ru |
| − |
1.151 |
102Pd |
| γ |
0.475, 0.628 |
- |
| 103Rh |
100% |
103Rh is stable with 58 neutrons |
| 105Rh |
Syn |
35.36 h |
β− |
0.247, 0.260, |
105Pd |
| 0.566 |
| γ |
0.306, 0.318 |
- |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
2288 |
2496 |
2749 |
3063 |
3405 |
3997 |
|
|
Rh
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Palladium |
| Symbol |
Pd |
| Atomic Number |
46 |
| Pronunciation |
/pəˈleɪdiəm/
pə-lay-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
10 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
106.42 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d10 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
0, +1, +2, +4, +6
(Mildly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.20 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 804.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1870 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3177 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
137 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
139±6 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
163 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 105.4 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
71.8 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 11.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3070 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
121 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
44 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
180 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.39 |
| Mohs Hardness |
4.75 |
| Vickers Hardness |
461 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
37.3 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-05-3 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
12.023 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
10.38 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1828.05 K,1554.9 °C,2830.82 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3236 K,2963 °C,5365 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
16.74 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
362 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.98 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 100Pd |
Syn |
3.63 d |
ε |
- |
100Rh |
| γ |
0.084, |
- |
| 0.074, |
| 0.126 |
| 102Pd |
1.02% |
102Pd is stable with 56 neutrons |
| 103Pd |
Syn |
16.991 d |
ε |
- |
103Rh |
| 104Pd |
11.14% |
104Pd is stable with 58 neutrons |
| 105Pd |
22.33% |
105Pd is stable with 59 neutrons |
| 106Pd |
27.33% |
106Pd is stable with 60 neutrons |
| 107Pd |
Trace |
6.5*106 y |
β− |
0.033 |
107Ag |
| 108Pd |
26.46% |
108Pd is stable with 62 neutrons |
| 110Pd |
11.72% |
110Pd is stable with 64 neutrons |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1721 |
1897 |
2117 |
2395 |
2753 |
3234 |
|
|
Pd
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Silver |
| Symbol |
Ag |
| Atomic Number |
47 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈsɪlvər/ |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
11 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
107.8682 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d10 5s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
1, 2, 3 (Amphoteric Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.93 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 731.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2070 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3361 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
144 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
145±5 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
172 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 15.87 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
429 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Diffusivity |
(300 K) 174 mm²/s |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 18.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's Modulus |
83 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
30 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
100 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.37 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers Hardness |
251 MPa |
| Brinell Hardness |
24.5 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-22-4 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1283 |
1413 |
1575 |
1782 |
2055 |
2433 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
10.49 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
9.320 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1234.93 K,961.78 °C,1763.2 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2435 K,2162 °C,3924 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
11.28 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
250.58 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.350 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 105Ag |
Syn |
41.2 d |
ε |
- |
105Pd |
| γ |
0.344, |
- |
| 0.280, |
| 0.644, |
| 0.443 |
| 106mAg |
Syn |
8.28 d |
ε |
- |
106Pd |
| γ |
0.511, |
- |
| 0.717, |
| 1.045, |
| 0.450 |
| 107Ag |
51.839% |
107Ag is stable with 60 neutrons |
| 108mAg |
Syn |
418 y |
ε |
- |
108Pd |
| IT |
0.109 |
108Ag |
| γ |
0.433, |
- |
| 0.614, |
| 0.722 |
| 109Ag |
48.161% |
109Ag is stable with 62 neutrons |
| 111Ag |
Syn |
7.45 d |
β− |
1.036, |
111Cd |
| 0.694 |
| γ |
0.342 |
- |
|
|
Ag
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Cadmium |
| Symbol |
Cd |
| Atomic Number |
48 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkædmiəm/ kad-mee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
12 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
112.411 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 1 (Mildly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.69 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 867.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1631.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3616 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
151 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
144±9 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
158 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(22 °C) 72.7 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
96.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 30.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 2310 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
50 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
19 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
42 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.30 |
| Mohs Hardness |
2.0 |
| Brinell Hardness |
203 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-43-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
530 |
583 |
654 |
745 |
867 |
1040 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.65 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.996 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
594.22 K,321.07 °C,609.93 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1040 K,767 °C,1413 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
6.21 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
99.87 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.020 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 106Cd |
1.25% |
>9.5*1017 y |
εε2ν |
- |
106Pd |
| 107Cd |
Syn |
6.5 h |
ε |
1.417 |
107Ag |
| 108Cd |
0.89% |
>6.7*1017 y |
εε2ν |
- |
108Pd |
| 109Cd |
Syn |
462.6 d |
ε |
0.214 |
109Ag |
| 110Cd |
12.49% |
110Cd is stable with 62 neutrons |
| 111Cd |
12.8% |
111Cd is stable with 63 neutrons |
| 112Cd |
24.13% |
112Cd is stable with 64 neutrons |
| 113Cd |
12.22% |
7.7*1015 y |
β− |
0.316 |
113In |
| 113mCd |
Syn |
14.1 y |
β− |
0.580 |
113In |
| IT |
0.264 |
113Cd |
| 113Cd |
28.73% |
>9.3*1017 y |
ββ2ν |
- |
114Sn |
| 115Cd |
Syn |
53.46 h |
β− |
1.446 |
115In |
| 116Cd |
7.49% |
2.9*1019 y |
ββ2ν |
- |
116Sn |
|
|
Cd
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Indium |
| Symbol |
In |
| Atomic Number |
49 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɪndiəm/ in-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
Post-Transition Metal |
| Group |
13 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
114.818 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 3 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2, 1 (Amphoteric Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.78 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 558.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1820.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2704 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
167 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
142±5 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
193 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1196 |
1325 |
1485 |
1690 |
1962 |
2340 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.31 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.02 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
429.7485 K,156.5985 °C,313.8773 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2345 K,2072 °C,3762 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
3.281 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
231.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.74 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 113In |
4.3% |
113In is stable with 64 neutrons |
| 115In |
95.7% |
4.41*1014 y |
β− |
0.495 |
115Sn |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Tetragonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(20 °C) 83.7 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
81.8 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 18.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 1215 m·s |
| Young's Modulus |
11 GPa |
| Mohs Hardness |
1.2 |
| Brinell Hardness |
8.83 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-74-6 |
|
In
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Tin |
| Symbol |
Sn |
| Atomic Number |
50 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈtɪn/ |
| Element Category |
Post-Transition Metal |
| Group |
14 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
118.710 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 2, -4 (Amphoteric Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.96 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 708.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1411.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2943.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
140 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
139±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
217 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Tetragonal (white), Diamond Cubic (gray) |
| Magnetic Ordering |
(gray)Diamagnetic, (white) Paramagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(0 °C) 115 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
66.8 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal Expansion |
(25 °C) 22.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's Modulus |
50 GPa |
| Shear Modulus |
18 GPa |
| Bulk Modulus |
58 GPa |
| Poisson Ratio |
0.36 |
| Mohs Hardness |
1.5 |
| Brinell Hardness |
51 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-31-5 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(white) 7.365 g·cm−3 |
| Density (near r.t.) |
(gray) 5.769 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.99 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
505.08 K,231.93 °C,449.47 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2875 K,2602 °C,4716 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
(white) 7.03 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(white) 296.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(white) 27.112 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 112Sn |
0.97% |
112Sn is stable with 62 neutrons |
| 114Sn |
0.66% |
114Sn is stable with 64 neutrons |
| 115Sn |
0.34% |
115Sn is stable with 65 neutrons |
| 116Sn |
14.54% |
116Sn is stable with 66 neutrons |
| 117Sn |
7.68% |
117Sn is stable with 67 neutrons |
| 118Sn |
24.22% |
118Sn is stable with 68 neutrons |
| 119Sn |
8.59% |
119Sn is stable with 69 neutrons |
| 120Sn |
32.58% |
120Sn is stable with 70 neutrons |
| 122Sn |
4.63% |
122Sn is stable with 72 neutrons |
| 124Sn |
5.79% |
124Sn is stable with 74 neutrons |
| 126Sn |
Trace |
2.3*105 y |
β− |
0.380 |
126Sb |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
1497 |
1657 |
1855 |
2107 |
2438 |
2893 |
|
|
Sn
|
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Iodine |
| Symbol |
I |
| Atomic Number |
53 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈaɪ.ɵdaɪn/ eye-o-dyne,
/ˈaɪ.ɵdɨn/ eye-o-dən,
or /ˈaɪ.ɵdiËn/ eye-o-deen |
| Element Category |
Halogen |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
126.90447 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 7 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 5, 3, 1, -1
(Strongly Acidic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.66 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1008.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1845.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3180 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
140 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
139±3 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
198 pm |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
260 |
282 |
309 |
342 |
381 |
457 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
4.933 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
386.85 K,113.7 °C,236.66 °F |
| Boiling Point |
457.4 K,184.3 °C,363.7 °F |
| Triple Point |
386.65 K (113°C), 12.1 kPa |
| Critical Point |
819 K, 11.7 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(I2) 15.52 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(I2) 41.57 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
(I2) 54.44 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 123I |
Syn |
13 h |
ε, γ |
0.16 |
123Te |
| 127I |
100% |
127I is stable with 74 neutrons |
| 129I |
Trace |
15.7*106 y |
β− |
0.194 |
129Xe |
| 131I |
Syn |
8.02070 d |
β−, γ |
0.971 |
131Xe |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical Resistivity |
(0 °C) 1.3*107Ω·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
0.449 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Bulk Modulus |
7.7 GPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7553-56-2 |
|
I
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Xenon |
| Symbol |
Xe |
| Atomic Number |
54 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈzɛnɒn/ zen-on
or /ˈziËnÉ’n/ zee-non |
| Element Category |
Noble Gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
5 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
131.293(6) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8
(rarely more than 0)
(weakly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.6 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1170.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 2046.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 3099.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
140±9 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
216 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
5.65*10-3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(liquid) 1090 m/s; (gas) 169 m·s |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-63-3 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
83 |
92 |
103 |
117 |
137 |
165 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
5.894 g/L |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
3.057 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
(101.325 kPa) 161.4 K,-111.7 °C,-169.1 °F |
| Boiling Point |
(101.325 kPa) 165.03 K,-108.12 °C,-162.62 °F |
| Triple Point |
161.405 K (-112°C), 81.6 kPa |
| Critical Point |
289.77 K, 5.841 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(101.325 kPa) 2.27 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(101.325 kPa) 12.64 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol·K |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 124Xe |
0.095% |
124Xe is stable with 70 neutrons |
| 125Xe |
Syn |
16.9 h |
ε |
1.652 |
125I |
| 126Xe |
0.089% |
126Xe is stable with 72 neutrons |
| 127Xe |
Syn |
36.345 d |
ε |
0.662 |
127I |
| 128Xe |
1.91% |
128Xe is stable with 74 neutrons |
| 129Xe |
26.4% |
129Xe is stable with 75 neutrons |
| 130Xe |
4.07% |
130Xe is stable with 76 neutrons |
| 131Xe |
21.2% |
131Xe is stable with 77 neutrons |
| 132Xe |
26.9% |
132Xe is stable with 78 neutrons |
| 133Xe |
Syn |
5.247 d |
β− |
0.427 |
133Cs |
| 134Xe |
10.4% |
134Xe is stable with 80 neutrons |
| 135Xe |
Syn |
9.14 h |
β− |
1.16 |
135Cs |
| 136Xe |
8.86% |
136Xe is stable with 82 neutrons |
|
|
Xe
|
| 6 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Caesium |
| Symbol |
Cs |
| Atomic Number |
55 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈsiːziəm/ see-zee-əm |
| Element Category |
Alkali Metal |
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
132.9054519(2) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 6s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
1(strongly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.79 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 375.7 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 2234.3 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 3400 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
244±11 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
343 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
35.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-46-2 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
418 |
469 |
534 |
623 |
750 |
940 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
1.93 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
1.843 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
301.59 K,28.44 °C,83.19 °F |
| Boiling Point |
944 K,671 °C,1240 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
1938 K, 9.4 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
2.09 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
63.9 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
32.210 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 133Cs |
100% |
133Cs is Stable with 78 Neutrons |
| 134Cs |
Syn |
| 2.0648 y |
| ε |
1.229 |
134Xe |
| β− |
2.059 |
134Ba |
|
|
| 135Cs |
Trace |
2.3*106 y |
β− |
0.269 |
135Ba |
| 137Cs |
Trace |
30.17 y |
β− |
1.174 |
137Ba |
|
|
Cs
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Barium |
| Symbol |
Ba |
| Atomic Number |
56 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈbɛəriəm/ bair-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Alkaline Earth Metals |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
S |
| Atomic Weight |
137.33 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2(Strongly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
0.89 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 502.9 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 965.2kJ·mol−13rd: 3600 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
215±11 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
268 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
18.4 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 1620 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-39-3 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
911 |
1038 |
1185 |
1388 |
1686 |
2170 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
3.51 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
3.338 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1000 K,727 °C,1341 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2170 K,1897 °C,3447 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
7.12 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
140.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
28.07 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 130Ba |
0.106% |
130Ba is stable with 74 neutrons |
| 132Ba |
0.101% |
132Ba is stable with 76 neutrons |
| 133Ba |
syn |
10.51 y |
ε |
0.517 |
133Cs |
| 134Ba |
2.417% |
134Ba is stable with 78 neutrons |
| 135Ba |
6.592% |
135Ba is stable with 79 neutrons |
| 136Ba |
7.854% |
136Ba is stable with 80 neutrons |
| 137Ba |
11.23% |
137Ba is stable with 81 neutrons |
| 138Ba |
71.7% |
138Ba is stable with 82 neutrons |
|
|
Ba
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Lanthanum |
| Symbol |
La |
| Atomic Number |
57 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈlænθənəm/ |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
138.90547 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 5d1 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (Strongly Basic Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.10 (Pauling Scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 538.1 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1067 kJ·mol−13rd: 1850.3kJ·mol−1-1 |
| Atomic radius |
187 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
207±8 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
13.4 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2475 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-91-0 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
491 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
363 MPa |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
2005 |
2208 |
2458 |
2772 |
3178 |
3726 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
6.162 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
5.94 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1193 K,920 °C,1688 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3737 K,3464 °C,6267 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
6.20 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
402.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.11 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 137La |
syn |
60,000 yrs |
ε |
0.600 |
137Ba |
| 138La |
0.09% |
1.05*1011yrs |
| ε |
1.737 |
138Ba |
| β− |
1.044 |
138Ce |
|
| 139La |
99.91% |
139La is stable with 82 neutrons |
|
|
La
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Hafnium |
| Symbol |
Hf |
| Atomic Number |
72 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈhæfniəm/
haf-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
4 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
178.49 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2 (amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 658.5 kJ·mol−12nd: 1440 kJ·mol−13rd: 2250 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
175±10 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
159 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
(20 °C) 331 nΩ·m |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 5.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| 78 GPa |
(20 °C) 3010 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
78 GPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-58-6 |
| Speed of sound (thin rod) |
(20 °C) 3010 m·s−1 |
| Vickers Hardness |
1760 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-58-6 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
2689 |
2954 |
3277 |
3679 |
4194 |
4876 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
13.31 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
12 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
2506 K,2233 °C,4051 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4876 K,4603 °C,8317 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
27.2 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
571 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.73 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 172Hf |
syn |
1.87 y |
ε |
0.350 |
172Lu |
| 174Hf |
0.162% |
2*1015 y |
α |
2.495 |
170Yb |
| 176Hf |
5.206% |
176Hf is stable with 104 neutrons |
| 177Hf |
18.606% |
177Hf is stable with 105 neutrons |
| 178Hf |
27.297% |
178Hf is stable with 106 neutrons |
| 178m2Hf |
Syn |
31y |
IT |
2.446 |
178Hf |
| 179Hf |
13.629% |
179Hf is stable with 107 neutrons |
| 180Hf |
35.1% |
180Hf is stable with 108 neutrons |
| 182Hf |
Syn |
9*106 y |
β− |
0.373 |
182Ta |
|
|
Hf
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Tantalum |
| Symbol |
Ta |
| Atomic Number |
73 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈtæntələm/
tan-təl-əm;
previously /tænˈtæliəm/
tan-tal-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
5 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
180.94788 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5, 4, 3, 2, -1 (mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.5 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 761 kJ·mol−12nd: 1500 kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic radius |
146 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
170±8 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
α-Ta: body-centered cubic
β-Ta: tetragonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
57.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3400 m·s−1 |
| Shear modulus |
69 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
200 GPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-25-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Gray Blue |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
16.69 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
15 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
3290 K,3017 °C,5463 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5731 K,5458 °C,9856 °F |
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
36.57 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
732.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.36 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 177Ta |
syn |
56.56 h |
ε |
1.166 |
177Hf |
| 178Ta |
syn |
2.36 h |
ε |
1.910 |
178Hf |
| 179Ta |
syn |
1.82 a |
ε |
0.110 |
179Hf |
| 180Ta |
syn |
8.125 h |
| ε |
0.854 |
180Hf |
| β− |
0.708 |
180W |
|
| 180mTa |
0.012% |
>1.2*1015 y
(not observed) |
| ε |
0.854 |
180Hf |
| ε |
0.708 |
180W |
| IT |
0.075 |
180Ta |
|
| 181Ta |
99.988% |
181Ta is stable with 108 neutrons |
| 182Ta |
syn |
114.43 d |
β− |
1.814 |
182W |
| 183Ta |
syn |
5.1 d |
β− |
1.070 |
183W |
|
|
Ta
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Tungsten |
| Symbol |
W |
| Atomic Number |
74 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈtʌŋstən/;
alternatively, /ˈwʊlfrəm/ wool-frəm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
6 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
183.84 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2
(mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.36 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 770 kJ·mol−12nd: 1700 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
162±7 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
139 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
173 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 52.8 nΩ·m |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 4.5 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's modulus |
411 GPa |
| Shear modulustd |
161 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
310 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.28 |
| Mohs hardness |
7.5 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-33-7 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
3477 |
3773 |
4137 |
4579 |
5127 |
5823 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Grayish White, Lustrous
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
19.25 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
17.6 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
3695 K,3422 °C,6192 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5828 K,5555 °C,10031 °F |
| Critical Point |
13892 K, MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
35.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
806.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.27 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 180W |
0.12% |
1.8*1018 y |
α |
2.516 |
176Hf |
| 181W |
syn |
121.2 d |
ε |
0.188 |
181Ta |
| 182W |
26.50% |
182W is stable with 108 neutrons |
| 183W |
14.31% |
183W is stable with 109 neutrons |
| 184W |
30.64% |
184W is stable with 110 neutrons |
| 185W |
syn |
75.1 d |
β− |
0.433 |
185Re |
| 186W |
28.43% |
186W is stable with 112 neutrons |
|
|
W
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Rhenium |
| Symbol |
Re |
| Atomic Number |
75 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈriËniÉ™m/ ree-nee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
7 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
186.207 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1
(mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.9 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 760 kJ·mol−12nd: 1260 kJ·mol−13rd: 2510 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
151±7 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
137 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Thermal Conductivity |
48.0 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's modulus |
463 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
178 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
370 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.30 |
| Mohs hardness |
7.0 |
| Vickers hardness |
2450 MPa |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 4700 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-15-5 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
3303 |
3614 |
4009 |
4500 |
5127 |
5954 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
solid |
| Density |
21.02 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
18.9 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
3459 K,3186 °C,5767 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5869 K,5596 °C,10105 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
60.43 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
704 kJ·mol−1− |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.48 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 185Re |
37.4% |
185Re is stable with 110 neutrons |
| 187Re |
62.6% |
4.12*1010 y |
| α (not observed) |
0.8541.653 |
183Ta |
| β- |
0.0026 |
187Os |
|
|
|
Re
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Osmium |
| Symbol |
Os |
| Atomic Number |
|
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɒzmiəm/ oz-mee-əm |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
8 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
190.23 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2
(mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 840 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
144±4 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
135pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Thermal Conductivity |
87.6 W·m−1·K−1
|
| (20 °C) 4940 m·s−1 |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-04-2 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 5.1 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Shear modulustd |
222 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
462 GPa |
| Mohs hardness |
7.0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
3160 |
3423 |
3751 |
4148 |
4638 |
5256 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery, Blue cast |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
22.59 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
20 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
3306 K,3033 °C,5491 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5285 K,5012 °C,9054 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
57.85 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
738 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
24.7 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 184Os |
0.02% |
>5.6*1013 y
(not observed) |
εε |
1.452 |
184W |
| 185Os |
syn |
93.6 d |
ε |
1.013 |
185Re |
| 186Os |
1.59% |
2.0*1015 y |
α |
2.822 |
182W |
| 187Os |
1.96% |
187Os is stable with 111 neutrons |
| 188Os |
13.24% |
188Os is stable with 112 neutrons |
| 189Os |
16.15% |
189Os is stable with 113 neutrons |
| 190Os |
26.26% |
190Os is stable with 114 neutrons |
| 191Os |
syn |
15.4 d |
β− |
|
191Ir |
| 192Os |
40.78% |
>9.8*1012 y
(not observed) |
β−β− |
0.414 |
192Pt |
| 193Os |
syn |
30.11 d |
β− |
1.141 |
193Ir |
| 194Os |
syn |
6 y |
β− |
0.097 |
194Ir |
|
|
Os
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Iridium |
| Symbol |
Ir |
| Atomic Number |
77 |
| Pronunciation |
/ɨˈrɪdiəm/
i-rid-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
9 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
192.217 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
−3,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
| Electronegativity |
2.20 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 880 kJ·mol−12nd: 1600 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
141±6 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
136 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[2] |
| Thermal Conductivity |
147 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 4825 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-88-5 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
2713 |
2957 |
3252 |
3614 |
4069 |
4659 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery White |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
22.56 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
19 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2739 K,2466 °C,4471 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4701 K,4428 °C,8002 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
41.12 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
563 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.10 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 188Ir |
syn |
1.73 d |
ε |
1.64 |
188Os |
| 189Ir |
syn |
13.2 d |
ε |
0.532 |
189Os |
| 190Ir |
syn |
11.8 d |
ε |
2.000 |
190Os |
| 191Ir |
37.3% |
191Ir is stable with 114 neutrons |
| 192Ir |
syn |
73.827 d |
| β– |
1.460 |
192Pt |
| ε |
1.046 |
192Os |
|
| 192m2Ir |
syn |
241 y |
IT |
0.161 |
192Ir |
| 193Ir |
62.7% |
193Ir is stable with 116 neutrons |
| 193mIr |
syn |
10.5 d |
IT |
0.080 |
193Ir |
| 194Ir |
syn |
19.3 h |
β– |
2.247 |
194Pt |
| 194m2Ir |
syn |
171 d |
IT |
? |
194Ir |
|
|
Ir
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Platinum |
| Symbol |
Pt |
| Atomic Number |
78 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈplæt.n.əm/
or /ˈplæt.nəm/ |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
10 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
195.084 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3 , 2, 1, -1, -2
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.28 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 870 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1791 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
136±5 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
139 pm |
| Van der Waals radius |
175 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
71.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(25 °C) 8.8 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
125-240 MPa |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
2330 |
(2550) |
2815 |
3143 |
3556 |
4094 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Grayish White |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
21.45 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
19.77 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
19.77 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
2041.4 K,1768.3 °C,3214.9 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4098 K,3825 °C,6917 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
22.17 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
469 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.86 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 190Pt |
0.014% |
6.5*1011 y |
α |
3.18 |
186Os |
| 192Pt |
0.782% |
192Pt is stable with 114 neutrons |
| 193Pt |
syn |
50 y |
ε |
? |
193Ir |
| 194Pt |
32.967% |
194Pt is stable with 116 neutrons |
| 195Pt |
33.832% |
195Pt is stable with 117 neutrons |
| 196Pt |
25.242% |
196Pt is stable with 118 neutrons |
| 198Pt |
7.163% |
198Pt is Stable with 120 Neutrons |
|
|
Pt
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Gold |
| Symbol |
Au |
| Atomic Number |
79 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɡoʊld/ |
| Element Category |
transition metal |
| Group |
11 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
196.966569(4) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.54 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 890.1 kJ·mol−12nd: 1980 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
136±6 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
144 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Lattice face centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 22.14 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
318 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(r.t.) 2030 m·s−1 |
| Tensile strength |
120 MPa |
| Young's modulus |
79 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
27 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
180 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.44 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
216 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
25 HB MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-57-5 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
1646 |
1814 |
2021 |
2281 |
2620 |
3078 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
19.30 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
17.31 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
1337.33 K,1064.18 °C,1947.52 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3129 K,2856 °C,5173 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
12.55 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
324 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.418 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 195Au |
syn |
186.10 d |
ε |
0.227 |
195Pt |
| 196Au |
syn |
6.183 d |
| ε |
1.506 |
196Pt |
| β− |
0.686 |
196Hg |
|
|
| 197Au |
100% |
197Au is stable with 118 neutrons |
| 198Au |
syn |
2.69517 d |
β− |
1.372 |
198Hg |
| 199Au |
syn |
3.169 d |
β− |
0.453 |
199Hg |
|
|
Au
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Mercury |
| Symbol |
Hg |
| Atomic Number |
80 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈmɜrkjəri/
or /ˈmɜrkəri/ mer-k(y)ə-ree
alternatively /ˈkwɪksɪlvər/
or /haɪˈdrɑrdʒɨrəm/ hye-drar-ji-rəm
|
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
12 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
200.59(2)
|
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
|
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2
|
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 2 (mercuric), 1 (mercurous)
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.00 (Pauling scale)
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1007.1 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1810 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3300 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
132±5 pm
|
| Atomic Radius |
151 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
155 pm
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Rhombohedral
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
8.30 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(liquid, 20 °C) 1451.4 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-97-6 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
315 |
350 |
393 |
449 |
523 |
629
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery |
| Phase |
Liquid |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
13.534 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
234.32 K,-38.83 °C,-37.89 °F |
| Boiling Point |
629.88 K,356.73 °C,674.11 °F |
| Critical Point |
1750 K, 172.00 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
2.29 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
59.11 kJ·mol−1
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.983 J·mol−1·K−1
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 194Hg |
Syn |
444 y |
ε |
0.040 |
194Au
|
| 195Hg |
Syn |
9.9 h |
ε |
1.510 |
195Au
|
| 196Hg |
0.15% |
196Hg is stable with 116 neutrons
|
| 197Hg |
Syn |
64.14 h |
ε |
0.600 |
197Au
|
| 198Hg |
9.97% |
198Hg is stable with 118 neutrons
|
| 199Hg |
16.87% |
199Hg is stable with 119 neutrons
|
| 200Hg |
23.1% |
200Hg is stable with 120 neutrons
|
| 201Hg |
13.18% |
201Hg is stable with 121 neutrons
|
| 202Hg |
29.86% |
202Hg is stable with 122 neutrons
|
| 203Hg |
Syn |
46.612 d |
β− |
0.492 |
0.492 |
| 204Hg |
6.87% |
204Hg is stable with 124 neutrons |
|
|
Hg
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Thallium |
| Symbol |
Tl |
| Atomic Number |
81 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈθæliəm/
thal-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Post-transition Metal |
| Group |
13 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
204.3833 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 1 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.62 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 589.4 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1971 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2878 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
170 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
196 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic[1] |
| Thermal Conductivity |
46.1 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 818 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
8 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
2.8 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
43 GPa
|
| Bulk modulus |
43 GPa
|
| Poisson ratio |
0.45
|
| Mohs hardness |
1.2 |
| Brinell hardness |
26.4 MPa
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-28-0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
882 |
977 |
1097 |
1252 |
1461 |
1758 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery White |
| Phase |
Solid
|
| Density |
11.85 g·cm−3
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
11.22 g·cm−3
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
577 K,304 °C,579 °F
|
| Melting Point |
577 K,304 °C,579 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1746 K,1473 °C,2683 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
4.14 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
165 kJ·mol−1
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.32 J·mol−1·K−1
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 203Tl |
29.524% |
203Tl is stable with 122 neutrons |
| 204Tl |
Syn |
119 Ms (3.78 y) |
| β− |
0.764 |
204Pb |
| ε |
0.347 |
204Hg |
|
| 204Hg |
70.476% |
205Tl is stable with 124 neutrons |
|
|
TI
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
lead |
| Symbol |
Pb |
| Atomic Number |
82 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈlɛd/ led |
| Element Category |
post-transition metal |
| Group |
14 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
207.2 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 2 (Amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.33 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 715.6 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1450.5 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 3081.5 kJ·mol−1<> |
| Covalent Radius |
175 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
202 pm |
| Atomic Radius |
175 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered Cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
35.3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's modulus |
16 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
5.6 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
46 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.44 |
| Mohs hardness |
1.5 |
| Brinell hardness |
38.3 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-92-1 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
978 |
1088 |
1229 |
1412 |
1660 |
2027 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Metallic Gray |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
11.34 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
10.66 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
600.61 K,327.46 °C,621.43 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2022 K,1749 °C,3180 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
4.77 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
179.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.650 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 204Pb |
1.4% |
>1.4*1017 y |
Alpha |
2.186 |
200Hg |
| 205Pb |
syn |
1.53*107 y |
Epsilon |
0.051 |
205Tl |
| 206Pb |
24.1% |
206Pb is Stable with 124 neutrons |
| 207Pb |
22.1% |
207Pb is Stable with 125 neutrons |
| 208Pb |
52.4% |
208Pb is Stable with 126 neutrons |
| 210Pb |
Trace |
22.3 y |
| Alpha |
3.792 |
206Hg |
| Beta |
0.064 |
210Bi |
|
|
|
Pb
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Bismuth |
| Symbol |
Bi
|
| Atomic Number |
83 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈbɪzməθ/ biz-məth |
| Element Category |
Post-transition Metal |
| Group |
15 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
208.98040(1) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 5
(mildly acidic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
2.02 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 703 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1610 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2466 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
148±4 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
207 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Trigonal[1] |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Diamagnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
7.97 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 1790 m·s−1 |
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 1.29 µΩ·m |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 13.4 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Young's modulus |
32 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
12 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
31 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.33 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.25 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-69-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
941 |
1041 |
1165 |
1325 |
1538 |
1835 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Lustrous S ilver |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
9.78 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
10.05 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
544.7 K,271.5 °C,520.7 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1837 K,1564 °C,2847 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
11.30 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
151 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
25.52 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 207Bi |
Syn |
31.55 y |
ε, β+ |
2.399 |
207Pb |
| 208Bi |
syn |
368,000 y |
ε, β+ |
2.880 |
208Pb |
| 209Bi |
100% |
(1.9 ± 0.2) *1019y |
α |
3.14 |
205Tl |
| 210mBi |
Syn |
3.04*106y |
IT |
0.271 |
210Bi |
|
|
Bi
|
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Astatine |
| Symbol |
At |
| Atomic Number |
85 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈæstətiːn/ as-tə-teen
or /ˈæstətɨn/ as-tət-in |
| Element Category |
Halogens |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
(210) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
±1, 3, 5, 7 |
| Electronegativity |
2.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 890±40 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
150 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
202 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Magnetic Ordering |
no data |
| Thermal Conductivity |
1.7 W·m−1·K−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-68-8 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
361 |
392 |
429 |
475 |
531 |
607 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Melting Point |
575 K, 302 °C, 576 °F |
| Boiling Point |
610 K, 337 °C, 639 °F |
| Heat of Fusion |
40 kJ·mol−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| 210At |
Trace |
8.1 y |
| ε, β+ |
3.981 |
210Po |
| α |
5.631 |
206Bi |
|
| 210At |
Syn |
7.2 h |
|
|
|
|
|
At
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Radon |
| Symbol |
Rn |
| Atomic Number |
86 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈreɪdɒn/ ray-don |
| Element Category |
Noble Gases |
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
P |
| Atomic Weight |
222 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2 |
| Electronegativity |
2.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 1037 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
150 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
220 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
non-magnetic |
| Thermal Conductivity |
3.61 m W·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(liquid, 20 °C) 1451.4 m·s−1 |
| CAS Registry Number |
10043-92-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Gas |
| Density |
(0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
9.73 g/L
|
| Melting Point |
202.0 K, −71.15 °C, −96.07 °F |
| Boiling Point |
211.3 K, −61.85 °C, −79.1 °F |
| Critical Point |
377 K, 6.28 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
3.247 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of vaporization |
18.10 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
5R/2 = 20.786 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 210Rn |
Syn |
2.4 h |
α |
6.404 |
206Po |
| 211Rn |
syn |
14.6 h |
ε |
2.892 |
211At |
| |
|
|
α |
5.965 |
207Po |
| 222Rn |
trace |
3.8235 d |
α |
5.590 |
218Po |
| 224Rn |
syn |
1.8 h |
β |
0.8 |
224Fr |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| at T (K) |
110 |
121 |
134 |
152 |
176 |
211 |
|
|
Rn
|
| 7 |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Francium |
| Symbol |
Fr |
| Atomic Number |
87 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈfrænsiəm/
fran-see-əm |
| Element Category |
alkali metal
|
| Group |
1 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
s |
| Atomic Weight |
(223) |
| Electron Configuration |
<[Rn] 7s1/td>
|
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
1 (strongly basic oxide)
|
| Electronegativity |
0.7 (Pauling scale)
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 380 kJ·mol−1
|
| Covalent Radius |
260 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
348 pm
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Cubic Body-centered
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
15 W·m−1·K−1
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-73-5
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
| 404 |
454 |
519 |
738 |
608 |
738 |
946
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Metallic |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
1.87 g·cm−3
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
? 300 K,? 27 °C,? 80 °F
|
| Heat of Fusion |
ca. 2 kJ·mol−1
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
ca. 65 kJ·mol−1
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 221Fr |
Syn |
4.8 min |
α |
6.457 |
217At
|
| 222Fr |
Syn |
14.2 min |
β– |
2.033 |
222Ra
|
| 223Fr |
Trace |
| 21.8 min |
| β– |
1.149 |
223Ra
|
| α |
5.430 |
219At
|
|
|
|
|
Fr
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Radium |
| Symbol |
Ra |
| Atomic Number |
88 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈreɪdiəm/
ray-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
Alkaline Earth Metal |
| Group |
2 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
S |
| Atomic Weight |
(226)
|
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2
|
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2 (Strongly Basic Oxide)
|
| Electronegativity |
0.9 (Pauling scale)
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 509.3 kJ·mol−12nd: 979.0 kJ·mol−1
|
| Covalent Radius |
221±2 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
283 pm
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Body-centered Cubic
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
Nonmagnetic
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
18.6 W·m−1·K−1
|
| Electrical resistivity |
(20 °C) 1 µΩ·m |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-14-4 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery White Metallic |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
5.5 g·cm−3
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
973 K,700 °C,1292 °F
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
973 K,700 °C,1292 °F
|
| Boiling Point |
2010 K,1737 °C,3159 °F
|
| Heat of Fusion |
8.5 kJ·mol−1
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
113 kJ·mol−1
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 223Ra |
Trace |
11.43 d |
Alpha |
5.99 |
219Rn
|
| 224Ra |
Trace |
3.6319 |
Alpha |
5.789 |
220Rn
|
| 226Ra |
~100% |
1601 y |
Alpha |
4.871 |
222Rn
|
| 228Ra |
Trace |
5.75 y |
Beta− |
0.046 |
228Ac
|
|
|
Ra
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Actinium |
| Symbol |
Ac |
| Atomic Number |
89 |
| Pronunciation |
/ækˈtɪniəm/
ak-tin-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(227)
|
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 6d1 7s2
|
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2
|
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3
(Neutral Oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.1 (Pauling scale)
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 499 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1170 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
215 pm
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-Centered Cubic
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
No Data
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
12 W·m−1·K−1
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-34-8
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Silvery, Glowing with an Eerie Blue Light |
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
(Circa) 1323 K,1050 °C,1922 °F
|
| Melting Point |
(Circa) 1323 K,1050 °C,1922 °F
|
| Boiling Point |
3471 K,3198 °C,5788 °F
|
| Heat of Fusion |
14 kJ·mol−1
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
400 kJ·mol−1
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.2 J·mol−1·K−1
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 225Ac |
Syn |
10d |
α |
5.935 |
221Fr
|
| 226Ac |
Syn |
| 29.37 h |
| β− |
1.117 |
226Th |
| ε |
0.640 |
226Ra
|
| α |
5.536 |
222Fr
|
|
|
| 227Ac |
100% |
| 21.773 y |
| β− |
0.045 |
227Th
|
| α |
5.042 |
223Fr
|
|
|
|
|
Ac
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Rutherfordium |
| Symbol |
Rf |
| Atomic Number |
104 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌrʌðərˈfɔrdiəm/
rudh-ər-for-dee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
4 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[261.11] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
(predicted) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
+4 (predicted)[1] |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 490 (estimated)kJ·mol−1 |
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
53850-36-5
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid (predicted)[1]
|
| Density |
23 (estimated)g·cm−3
|
| Melting Point |
2400 (estimated)K,2100 °C
|
| Boiling Point |
2400 (estimated)K,2100 °C
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 261Rf |
Syn |
70 s[2] |
|
|
|
| 263Rf |
Syn |
15 m[2] |
|
|
|
| 265Rf |
Syn |
2.5 min[3] |
SF |
|
|
| 266Rf? |
Syn |
10 h?[2] |
SF?/α? |
|
|
| 267Rf |
Syn |
1.3 h[2] |
|
|
|
| 268Rf? |
Syn |
6 h?[2] |
SF?/α? |
|
|
| Only half times of over 5 seconds are included here |
|
|
Rf
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Dubnium |
| Symbol |
Db |
| Atomic Number |
105 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈduËbniÉ™m/
doob-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition metal |
| Group |
5 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[268]
|
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
(predicted) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2
(predicted) (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
5 |
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
53850-35-4
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Unknown |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 262Db |
Syn |
34 s[1][2] |
|
8.66,8.45 |
258Lr
|
| 263Db |
Syn |
27 s[2] |
|
|
|
| 266Db |
Syn |
266Db |
|
|
|
| 267Db |
Syn |
1.2 h[2] |
SF |
|
|
| 268Db |
Syn |
29 h[2] |
|
|
|
| 270Db |
Syn |
23.15 h[3] |
SF |
|
|
| Only half times of over 5 seconds are included here |
|
|
Db
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Seaborgium |
| Symbol |
Sg |
| Atomic Number |
106 |
| Pronunciation |
i/siËˈbÉ”rÉ¡iÉ™m/
see-bor-gee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition metal |
| Group |
6 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[271] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d4
(predicted) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6 |
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
54038-81-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid (presumably) |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 271Sg |
Syn |
1.9 min |
|
|
|
| 269Sg |
Syn |
2.1 min |
α |
8.56 |
265Rf |
| 267Sg |
Syn |
1.4 min |
|
|
|
| 266Sg |
Syn |
0.36 s |
SF |
|
|
| 265bSg |
Syn |
16.2 s |
α |
8.70 |
261gRf |
| 265aSg |
Syn |
8.9 s |
α |
8.90,8.84,8.76 |
261Rf
|
| 264Sg |
Syn |
68 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 263mSg |
Syn |
0.9 s |
|
|
|
| 263gSg |
Syn |
0.3 s |
α |
9.06 |
259Rf |
| 262Sg |
Syn |
15 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 261mSg |
Syn |
9 µs |
IC |
|
261gSg
|
| 261gSg |
Syn |
0.18 s |
|
|
|
| 260Sg |
Syn |
3.6 ms |
|
|
|
| 259Sg |
Syn |
0.48 s |
α |
9.62,9.36,9.03 |
255Rf |
| 258Sg |
Syn |
2.9 ms |
SF |
|
|
|
|
Sg
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Bohrium |
| Symbol |
Bh |
| Atomic Number |
107 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈbɔəriəm/ |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
7 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[270] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2
(calc.)[1] |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7 |
| Electronegativity |
1st: 740 (extrap.)kJ·mol−12nd: 1690 (extrap.)kJ·mol−13rd: 2570 (extrap.)kJ·mol−1
|
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
54037-14-8 |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 274Bh |
Syn |
~54 s[2] |
α |
8.8 |
270Db |
| 272Bh |
Syn |
9.8 s |
α |
9.02 |
268Db
|
| 271Bh |
Syn |
|
α |
|
267Db |
| 270Bh |
Syn |
61 s |
α |
8.93 |
266Db |
| 267Bh |
Syn |
17 s |
α |
8.83 |
263Db |
| Only half-times of over a second are included here |
|
|
Bh
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Hassium |
| Symbol |
Hs |
| Atomic Number |
108 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈhæsiəm/
hass-ee-əm
or /ˈhÉ‘ËsiÉ™m/
hah-see-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
8 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[269] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2
(predicted) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
8 |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Unknown |
| CAS Registry Number |
54037-57-9
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Unknown |
| Phase |
Solid(Presumably) |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 277aHs |
Syn |
2 s |
SF |
|
|
| 277bHs ? |
Syn |
~11 min[1] |
SF |
|
|
| 275Hs |
syn |
0.15 s |
α |
9.30 |
271Sg
|
| 273Hs |
Syn |
0.24 s |
α |
9.59 |
269Sg |
| 271Hs |
Syn |
40# s |
α |
9.27,9.13 |
267Sg
|
|
Syn |
y |
α |
|
|
| 270Hs |
Syn |
3.6 s |
α |
9.02,8.88 |
266Sg
|
| 269Hs |
Syn |
9.7 s |
α |
9.21,9.10,8.97 |
265Sg
|
| 268Hs |
Syn |
0.36 s |
α |
9.48 |
264Sg
|
| 267mHs |
Syn |
0.8 s |
α |
9.83 |
263Sg
|
| 267Hs |
Syn |
52 ms |
α |
9.99,9.87 |
263Sg
|
| 266Hs |
Syn |
2.3 ms |
α |
10.18 |
262Sg
|
| 265mHs |
Syn |
0.75 ms |
α |
|
261Sg
|
| 265Hs |
Syn |
2.0 ms |
α |
|
261Sg
|
| 264Hs |
Syn |
~0.8 ms |
|
|
|
| 263Hs |
Syn |
0.74 ms |
α |
10.89,10.72,10.57 |
259Sg
|
|
|
Hs
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Meitnerium |
| Symbol |
Mt |
| Atomic Number |
109 |
| Pronunciation |
/maɪtˈnɪəriəm/
myet-neer-ee-əm
or /maɪtˈnɜriəm/
myet-nur-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Unknown
|
| Group |
9 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[278] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7[1] |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 4
(a guess based on that of iridium) |
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
54038-01-6
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1k |
10k |
100k |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
solid ([citation needed]presumably) |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 278Mt |
Syn |
7.6 s |
α |
9.6 |
274Bh
|
| 276Mt |
Syn |
0.72 s |
α |
9.71 |
272Bh
|
| 275Mt |
Syn |
9.7 ms |
α |
10.33 |
271Bh
|
| 274Mt |
Syn |
0.44 s |
α |
9.76 |
270Bh
|
| 270mMt ? |
Syn |
1.1 s |
α |
|
266Bh
|
| 270gMt |
Syn |
5 ms |
α |
10.03 |
266Bh |
| 268Mt |
Syn |
42 ms |
α |
10.26,10.10 |
264Bh |
| 266Mt |
Syn |
1.7 ms |
α |
11.00 |
262Bh |
|
|
Mt
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Darmstadtium |
| Symbol |
Ds |
| Atomic Number |
110 |
| Pronunciation |
/dɑrmˈʃtætiəm/
darm-shtat-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Unknown |
| Group |
10 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[281] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn]7s15f146d9
|
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 1 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Miscellanea |
| CAS Registry Number |
54083-77-1
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
Unknown |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 281aDs |
Syn |
11 s |
|
|
|
| 281bDs ? |
Syn |
3.7 m |
α |
8.77 |
277bHs ?
|
| 277Ds |
Syn |
5.7 ms |
α |
10.57 |
273Hs
|
| 273Ds |
Syn |
170 ms |
α |
11.14 |
269Hs
|
| 271mDs |
Syn |
69 ms |
α |
10.71 |
267Hs
|
| 271gDs |
Syn |
1.63 ms |
α |
10.74,10.69 |
267Hs
|
| 270mDs |
Syn |
6 ms |
α |
12.15,11.15,10.95 |
266Hs
|
| 269Ds |
Syn |
0.17 ms |
α |
11.11 |
265Hs
|
| 267Ds ? |
Syn |
4 µs |
|
|
|
|
|
Ds
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Roentgenium |
| Symbol |
Rg |
| Atomic Number |
111 |
| Pronunciation |
i/rʌntˈɡɛniəm/
runt-gen-ee-əm
or /rɛntˈɡɛniəm/
rent-gen-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Unknown |
| Group |
11 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[281] |
| Electron Configuration |
predicted 5f14 6d9 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54386-24-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Phase |
Unknown |
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 282Rg |
Syn |
0.5 s |
α |
9.00 |
278Mt |
| 281Rg |
Syn |
26 s |
SF |
|
|
| 280Rg |
Syn |
3.6 s |
α |
α |
276Mt |
| 279Rg |
Syn |
170 ms |
α |
10.37 |
275Mt |
| 278Rg |
Syn |
4.2 ms |
α |
10.69 |
274Mt |
| 274Rg |
Syn |
15 ms |
α |
11.23 |
270Mt |
| 272Rg |
Syn |
1.6 ms |
α |
11.02,10.82 |
268Mt |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rg
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Copernicium |
| Symbol |
Cn |
| Atomic Number |
112 |
| Pronunciation |
/koʊpərˈnɪsiəm/
koe-pər-nis-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Transition Metal |
| Group |
12 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[285] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
(predicted) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 2 |
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54084-26-3 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Unknown |
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 285aCn |
Syn |
29 s |
α |
9.15,9.03? |
281aDs |
| 285bCn ? |
Syn |
8.9 m |
α |
8.63 |
281bDs |
| 284Cn |
Syn |
97 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 283aCn |
Syn |
4 s |
90% α |
9.53,9.32,8.94 |
279Ds |
| 10% |
|
|
| SF |
| 283bCn ?? |
Syn |
~ 7.0 m |
SF |
|
|
| 282Cn |
Syn |
0.8 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 281Cn |
Syn |
0.7 ms |
α |
11.45,11.32 |
273Ds |
|
|
Cn
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ununtrium |
| Symbol |
Uut |
| Atomic Number |
113 |
| Pronunciation |
/uËnˈuËntriÉ™m/
oon-oon-tree-əm |
| Category Notes |
Presumably Other Metals |
| Group |
13 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[286] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54084-70-7 |
|
| Physical Properties |
|
| Color |
|
| Phase |
|
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 286Uut |
Syn |
19.6 s |
α |
9.63 |
282Rg |
| 285Uut |
Syn |
5.5 s |
α |
9.74,9.48 |
281Rg |
| 284Uut |
Syn |
0.49 s |
α |
10.00 |
280Rg |
| 283Uut |
Syn |
0.10 s |
α |
10.12 |
279Rg |
| 282Uut |
Syn |
0.34 ms |
α |
11.68 |
274Rg |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uut
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Flerovium |
| Symbol |
Fl |
| Atomic Number |
114 |
| Pronunciation |
/flɨˈroʊviəm/fli-roh-vee-əm[1] |
| Category Notes |
Unknown, Suspected to be a Noble Gas |
| Element Category |
|
| Group |
14 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[289] |
| Electron Configuration |
Perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
(guess based on lead) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density |
22 (predicted)[2] gcm-3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
340 K, 70 °C, 160 |
| Boiling Point |
420 K, 150 °C, 300 |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 289Fl |
Syn |
2.6 s |
α |
9.82,9.48 |
285Cn |
| 289bFl ? |
Syn |
1.1 min |
α |
9.67 |
285bCn ? |
| 288Fl |
Syn |
0.8 s |
α |
9.94 |
284Cn |
| 287Fl |
Syn |
0.48 s |
α |
10.02 |
283Cn |
| 287bFl ?? |
Syn |
5.5 s |
α |
10.29 |
283bCn ?? |
| 286Fl |
Syn |
0.13 s |
40% α |
10.19 |
282Cn |
| 60% |
|
|
| SF |
| 285Fl |
Syn |
125 ms |
α |
|
281Cn |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fl
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ununpentium |
| Symbol |
Uup |
| Atomic Number |
115 |
| Pronunciation |
/uËnuËnˈpÉ›ntiÉ™m/
oon-oon-pen-tee-əm |
| Element Category |
Unknown |
| Group |
15 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[289] |
| Electron Configuration |
Perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2> 7p3
(guess based on bismuth) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54085-64-2 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
|
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 290Uup |
Syn |
16 ms |
α |
9.95 |
286Uut |
| 289Uup |
Syn |
220 ms |
α |
10.31 |
285Uut |
| 288Uup |
Syn |
87.5 ms |
α |
10.46 |
284Uut |
| 287Uup |
Syn |
32 ms |
α |
10.59 |
283Uut |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uup
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Livermorium |
| Symbol |
Lv |
| Atomic Number |
116 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌlɪvərˈmɔəriəm/
liv-ər-mohr-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Unknown |
| Group |
16 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[293] |
| Electron Configuration |
Perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
(guess based on polonium) |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 4 (prediction)[1] |
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 723.6 (prediction)[1] kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
175 (estimated)[2] pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54100-71-9 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
|
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 293Lv |
Syn |
61 ms |
α |
10.54 |
289Fl |
| 292Fl |
Syn |
18 ms |
α |
10.66 |
288Lv |
| 291Fl |
Syn |
18 ms |
α |
10.74 |
287Lv |
| 290Fl |
Syn |
7.1 ms |
α |
10.84 |
286Lv |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lv
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ununseptium |
| Symbol |
Uus |
| Atomic Number |
117 |
| Pronunciation |
/uËnuËnˈsÉ›ptiÉ™m/
oon-oon-sep-tee-əm |
| Category Notes |
Unknown |
| Group |
17 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[294] |
| Electron Configuration |
Unknown |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2,8,18,32,32,18,7
(predicted) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
|
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54101-14-3 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
|
| Density |
|
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| Iso |
NA |
Half-Life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 294Uus |
Syn |
78 (+370, -36) ms |
α |
10.81 |
290Uup |
| 293Uus |
Syn |
14 (+11, -4) ms |
α |
11.11,11.00,10.91 |
289Uup |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uus
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ununoctium |
| Symbol |
Uuo |
| Atomic Number |
118 |
| Pronunciation |
/uËnuËnˈɒktiÉ™m/
oon-oon-ok-tee-əm |
| Element Category |
|
| Group |
18 |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
p |
| Atomic Weight |
[294] |
| Electron Configuration |
(predicted) [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
(predicted) 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
0, +2, +4
(predicted) |
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: (extrapolated) 975±155 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: (extrapolated) 1450[5] kJ·mol−1 |
| Atomic Radius |
(predicted) 152 pm |
| Covalent Radius |
(extrapolated) 230 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
|
| Density (near r.t.) |
(predicted) 13.65 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
(extrapolated) 350±30 K,80±30 °C,170±50 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
(extrapolated) 439 K, 6.8 MPa |
| Heat of Fusion |
(extrapolated) 23.5 kJ·mol−1-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
(extrapolated) 19.4 kJ·mol−1-1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 294Uuo |
Syn |
~0.89 ms |
α |
11.65 ± 0.06 |
290Uuh |
|
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1K |
10K |
100K |
| at T (K) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
54144-19-3 |
|
Uuo
|
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Cerium |
| Symbol |
Ce |
| Atomic Number |
58 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈsɪəriəm/ |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
140.116 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe]4f5d6s2[1] |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2(Mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.12(Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 534.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1050 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 1949 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
204±9 pm |
| Atomic radius |
181.8 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[2] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (β, poly) 828 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
11.3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (γ, poly) 6.3 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2100 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(γ form) 33.6 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(γ form) 13.5 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(γ form) 21.5 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(γ form) 0.24 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
270 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
412 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-45-1 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1992 |
2194 |
2442 |
2754 |
3159 |
3705 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
6.770 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.55 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1068 K,795 °C,1463 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3716 K,3443 °C,6229 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
5.46 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
398 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.94 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 134Ce |
syn |
3.16 days |
ε |
0.500 |
134La |
| 136Ce |
0.185% |
136Ce is stable with 78 neutrons |
| 138Ce |
0.251% |
138Ce is stable with 80 neutrons |
| 134Ce |
syn |
137.640 days |
ε |
0.278 |
139La |
| 138Ce |
88.450% |
140Ce is stable with 82 neutrons |
| 134Ce |
syn |
32.501 days |
β− |
0.581 |
141Pr |
| 134Ce |
11.114% |
> 5*1016 years |
β−β− |
1.417 |
142Nd |
| 134Ce |
syn |
284.893 days |
β− |
0.319 |
144Pr |
|
|
Ce
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Praseodymium |
| Symbol |
Pr |
| Atomic Number |
59 |
| Pronunciation |
//ˌpreɪzi.ɵˈdɪmiəm/ pray-zee-o-dim-ee-əm
or /ˌpreɪsi.ɵˈdɪmiəm/ pray-see-o-dim-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
140.90765 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f3 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2 (Mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.13 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 527 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1020 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2086 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
203±7 pm |
| Atomic radius |
182 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly)0.700 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
11.3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 6.7 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2280 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 37.3 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 14.8 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 28.8 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.281 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
400 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
481 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-10-0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1771 |
1973 |
(2227) |
(2571) |
(3054) |
(3779) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
6.770 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.55 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1068 K,795 °C,1463 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3716 K,3443 °C,6229 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
5.46 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
398 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.94 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 141Pr |
100% |
141Pr is stable with 82 neutrons |
| 142Pr |
syn |
19.12 h |
β− |
2.162 |
142Nd |
| 142Pr |
syn |
19.12 h |
ε |
0.745 |
142Ce |
| 143Pr |
syn |
13.57 d |
β− |
0.934 |
143Nd |
|
|
Pr
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Neodymium |
| Symbol |
Nd |
| Atomic Number |
60 |
| Pronunciation |
/ËŒniË.ɵˈdɪmiÉ™m/nee-o-dim-ee- |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
144.242 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f4 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.14 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 533.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1040 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2130 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
201±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
181 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic,antiferromagnetic below 20 K[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 643 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
16.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 9.6 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2330 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 41.4 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 16.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 31.8 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.281 |
| Mohs hardness |
2.5 |
| Vickers hardness |
343 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
265 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-00-8 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1595 |
1774 |
1998 |
(2296) |
(2715) |
(3336) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.01 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.89 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1297 K,1024 °C,1875 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3347 K,3074 °C,5565 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
7.14 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
289 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.45 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 142Nd |
12.2% |
143Nd is stable with 83 neutrons |
| 143Nd |
27.2% |
142Nd is stable with 82 neutrons |
| 144Nd |
23.8% |
2.29*1015y |
α |
1.905 |
140Ce |
| 145Nd |
8.3% |
145Nd is stable with 85 neutrons |
| 146Nd |
17.2% |
146Nd is stable with 86 neutrons |
| 148Nd |
5.7% |
148Nd is stable with 88 neutrons |
| 150Nd |
5.6% |
6.7*1018y |
β−β− |
3.367 |
150Sm |
|
|
Nd
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Promethium |
| Symbol |
Pm |
| Atomic Number |
61 |
| Pronunciation |
/prɵˈmiːθiəm/ pro-mee-thee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
[145] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f5 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
? 1.13 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 540 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1050 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2150 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
199 pm |
| Atomic radius |
183 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) est. 0.75 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
17.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.)(α, poly)est. 11 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
(α form) est. 46 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) est. 18 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) est. 33 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) est. 0.28 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-12-2 |
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.26 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1315 K,1042 °C,1908 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3273 K,3000 °C,5432 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
7.13 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
289 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 145Pm |
syn |
17.7 y |
ε |
0.163 |
145Nd |
| 146Pm |
syn |
5.53 y |
ε |
1.472 |
146Nd |
| 146Pm |
syn |
5.53 y |
β− |
1.542 |
146Sm |
| 147Pm |
trace |
2.6234 y |
β− |
0.224 |
147Sm |
|
|
Pm
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Samarium |
| Symbol |
Sm |
| Atomic Number |
62 |
| Pronunciation |
/səˈmɛəriəm/ sə-mair-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
150.36 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 6s2 4f6 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.17 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 544.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1070 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2260 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
198±8 pm |
| Atomic radius |
180 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Rhombohedral |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 0.940 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
13.3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.)(α, poly) 12.7 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2130 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 49.7 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 19.5 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 37.8 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.274 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
412 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
441 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-19-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1001 |
1106 |
1240 |
(1421) |
(1675) |
(2061) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.52 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.16 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1345 K,1072 °C,1962 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2067 K,1794 °C,3261 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
8.62 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
165 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
29.54 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 144Sm |
3.07% |
144Sm is stable with 82 neutrons |
| 146Sm |
syn |
1.03*108y |
α |
2.529 |
142Nd |
| 147Sm |
14.99% |
1.06*1011y |
α |
2.310 |
143Nd |
| 148Sm |
11.24% |
7*1015y |
α |
1.986 |
144Nd |
| 149Sm |
13.82% |
149Sm is stable with 87 neutrons |
| 150Sm |
7.38% |
150Sm is stable with 88 neutrons |
| 152Sm |
26.75% |
152Sm is stable with 90 neutrons |
| 154Sm |
22.75% |
154Sm is stable with 92 neutrons |
|
|
Sm
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Europium |
| Symbol |
Eu |
| Atomic Number |
63 |
| Pronunciation |
/jʊˈroʊpiəm/yoo-roh-pee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
151.964 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f7 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
? 1.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 547.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1085 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2404 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
198±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
180 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Body-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (poly) 0.900 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
est. 13.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (poly)35.0 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2130 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
18.2 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
7.9 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
8.3 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.152 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
167 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-53-1 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
863 |
957 |
1072 |
1234 |
1452 |
1796 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
5.264 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
5.13 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1099 K,826 °C,1519 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1802 K,1529 °C,2784 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
9.21 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
176 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.66 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 150Eu |
syn |
36.9 y |
ε |
2.261 |
150Sm |
| 151Eu |
47.8% |
5*1018 y |
α |
|
147Pm |
| 152Eu |
syn |
13.516 y |
ε |
1.874 |
152Sm |
| 152Eu |
syn |
13.516 y |
β− |
1.819 |
152Gd |
| 153Eu |
52.2% |
153Eu is stable with 90 neutrons |
|
|
Eu
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Gadolinium |
| Symbol |
Gd |
| Atomic Number |
64 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌɡædɵˈlɪniəm/
gad-o-lin-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
157.25 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (mildly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
? 1.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 547.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1085 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2404 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
198±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
180 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Ferromagnetic/Paramagnetic transition at 293.4 K |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 1.310 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
10.6 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(100 °C, α, poly) 9.4 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2680 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 54.8 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 21.8 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 37.9 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.259 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
570 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-54-2 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1836 |
2028 |
2267 |
2573 |
2976 |
3535 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
7.90 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.4 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1585 K,1312 °C,2394 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3546 K,3273 °C,5923 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
10.05 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
301.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
37.03 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 152Gd |
0.20% |
1.08*1014 y |
α |
2.205 |
148Sm |
| 154Gd |
2.18% |
154Gd is stable with 90 neutrons |
| 155Gd |
14.80% |
155Gd is stable with 91 neutrons |
| 156Gd |
20.47% |
156Gd is stable with 92 neutrons |
| 157Gd |
15.65% |
157Gd is stable with 93 neutrons |
| 158Gd |
24.84% |
158Gd is stable with 94 neutrons |
| 160Gd |
21.86% |
>1.3*1021y |
β−β− |
1.7 |
160Dy |
|
|
Gd
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Terbium |
| Symbol |
Tb |
| Atomic Number |
65 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈtɜrbiəm/ ter-bee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
158.92535 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f9 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2, 1(weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
? 1.2 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 565.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1110 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2114 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
194±5 pm |
| Atomic radius |
177 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic at 300 K |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 1.150 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
11.1 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 10.3 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2620 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 55.7 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 22.1 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 38.7 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.261 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
863 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
677 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-27-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1789 |
1979 |
(2201) |
(2505) |
(2913) |
(3491) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.23 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
7.65 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1629 K,1356 °C,2473 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3503 K,3230 °C,5846 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
10.15 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
293 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
28.91 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 157Tb |
syn |
71 y |
ε |
0.060 |
157Gd |
| 158Tb |
syn |
180 y |
ε |
1.220 |
158Gd |
| 158Tb |
syn |
180 y |
β− |
0.937 |
158Dy |
| 159Tb |
100% |
159Tb is stable with 94 neutrons |
|
|
Tb
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Dysprosium |
| Symbol |
Dy |
| Atomic Number |
66 |
| Pronunciation |
/dɪsˈproʊziəm/dis-proe-zee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
162.500 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f10 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.22 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 573.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1130 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2200 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
192±7 pm |
| Atomic radius |
178 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic at 300 K |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 926 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
10.7 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (α, poly) 9.9 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2710 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(α form) 61.4 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(α form) 24.7 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(α form) 40.5 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(α form) 0.247 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
540 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
500 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7429-91-6 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1378 |
1523 |
(1704) |
(1954) |
(2304) |
(2831) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.540 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
8.37 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1680 K,1407 °C,2565 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2840 K,2562 °C,4653 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
11.06 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
280 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.7 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 154Dy |
syn |
3.0*106y |
α |
2.947 |
150Gd |
| 156Dy |
0.06% |
1*1018y |
α |
? |
152Gd |
| 160Dy |
0.10% |
158Dy is stable with 92 neutrons |
| 160Dy |
2.34% |
160Dy is stable with 94 neutrons |
| 161Dy |
18.91% |
161Dy is stable with 95 neutrons |
| 162Dy |
25.51% |
162Dy is stable with 96 neutrons |
| 163Dy |
24.90% |
163Dy is stable with 97 neutrons |
| 164Dy |
28.18% |
164Dy is stable with 98 neutrons |
|
|
Dy
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Holmium |
| Symbol |
Ho |
| Atomic Number |
67 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈhoʊlmiəm/ hohl-mee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
164.93032 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f11 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3 (basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.23 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 581.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1140 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2204 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
192±7 pm |
| Atomic radius |
176 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (poly) 814 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
16.2 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (poly) 11.2 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2760 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
64.8 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
26.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
40.2 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.231 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
481 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
746 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-60-0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1432 |
1584 |
(1775) |
(2040) |
(2410) |
(2964) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
8.79 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
8.34 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1734 K,1461 °C,2662 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2993 K,2720 °C,4928 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
17.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
265 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.15 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 163Ho |
syn |
4570 yr |
ε |
0.003 |
163Dy |
| 164Ho |
syn |
29 min |
ε |
0.987 |
164Dy |
| 165Ho |
100% |
165Ho is stable with 98 neutrons |
| 166Ho |
syn |
26.763 h |
β− |
1.855 |
166Er |
| 167Ho |
syn |
3.1 h |
β− |
1.007 |
167Er |
|
|
Ho
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Erbium |
| Symbol |
Er |
| Atomic Number |
68 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈɜrbiəm/ |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
167.259 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f12 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3 (basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.24 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 589.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1150 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2194 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
189±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
176 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic at 300 K |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (poly) 0.860 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
14.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (poly) 12.2 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2830 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
69.9 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
28.3 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
44.4 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.237 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
589 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
814 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-52-0 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1504 |
1663 |
(1885) |
(2163) |
(2552) |
(3132) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
9.066 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
8.86 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1802 K,1529 °C,2784 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3141 K,2868 °C,5194 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
19.90 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
280 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
28.12 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 160Er |
syn |
28.58 h |
ε |
0.330 |
160Ho |
| 162Er |
0.139% |
162Er is stable with 94 neutrons |
| 164Er |
1.601% |
164Er is stable with 96 neutrons |
| 165Er |
syn |
10.36 h |
ε |
0.376 |
165Ho |
| 166Er |
33.503% |
166Er is stable with 98 neutrons |
| 167Er |
22.869% |
167Er is stable with 99 neutrons |
| 168Er |
26.978% |
168Er is stable with 100 neutrons |
| 169Er |
syn |
9.4 d |
β− |
0.351 |
169Tm |
| 170Er |
14.910% |
170Er is stable with 102 neutrons |
| 171Er |
syn |
7.516 h |
β− |
1.490 |
171Tm |
| 172Er |
syn |
49.3 h |
β− |
0.891 |
172Tm |
|
|
Er
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Thulium |
| Symbol |
Tm |
| Atomic Number |
69 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈθjuËliÉ™m/ thew-lee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
168.93421 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3, 4 (basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.25 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 596.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1160 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2285 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
190±10 pm |
| Atomic radius |
176 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic at 300 K |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (poly) 676 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
16.9 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (poly)13.3 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2830 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
74.0 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
30.5 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
44.5 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.213 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
520 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
471 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-30-4 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1117 |
1235 |
1381 |
1570 |
(1821) |
(2217) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
9.32 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
8.56 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1818 K,1545 °C,2813 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2223 K,1950 °C,3542 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
16.84 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
247 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.03 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 167Tm |
syn |
9.25 d |
ε |
0.748 |
167Er |
| 168Tm |
syn |
93.1 d |
ε |
1.679 |
168Er |
| 169Tm |
100% |
169Tm is stable with 100 neutrons |
| 170Tm |
syn |
128.6 d |
β− |
0.968 |
170Yb |
| 171Tm |
syn |
1.92 y |
β− |
0.096 |
171Yb |
|
|
Tm
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Ytterbium |
| Symbol |
Yb |
| Atomic Number |
70 |
| Pronunciation |
/ɨˈtɜrbiəm/ i-ter-bee-əm |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
173.054(5) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 6s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 2 (basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
? 1.1 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 603.4 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1174.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2417 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
187±8 pm |
| Atomic radius |
176 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (β, poly) 0.250 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
38.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (β, poly) 26.3 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 1590 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
(β form) 23.9 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
(β form) 9.9 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
(β form) 30.5 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
(β form) 0.207 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
206 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
343 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-64-4 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
736 |
813 |
910 |
1047 |
(1266) |
(1465) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
6.90 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
6.21 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1097 K,824 °C,1515 °F |
| Boiling Point |
1469 K,1196 °C,2185 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
7.66 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
159 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.74 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 166Yb |
syn |
56.7 h |
ε |
0.304 |
166Tm |
| 168Yb |
0.13% |
168Yb is stable with 98 neutrons |
| 169Yb |
syn |
32.026 d |
ε |
0.909 |
169Tm |
| 170Yb |
3.04% |
170Yb is stable with 100 neutrons |
| 171Yb |
14.28% |
171Yb is stable with 101 neutrons |
| 172Yb |
21.83% |
172Yb is stable with 102 neutrons |
| 173Yb |
16.13% |
173Yb is stable with 103 neutrons |
| 174Yb |
31.83% |
174Yb is stable with 104 neutrons |
| 175Yb |
syn |
4.185 d |
β− |
0.470 |
175Lu |
| 176Yb |
12.76% |
176Yb is stable with 106 neutrons |
| 177Yb |
syn |
1.911 h |
β− |
1.399 |
177Lu |
|
|
Yb
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Lutetium |
| Symbol |
Lu |
| Atomic Number |
71 |
| Pronunciation |
/ljuËˈtiËʃiÉ™m/lew-tee-shee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Lanthanide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
6 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
174.9668(4) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3 (weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.27 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 523.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1340 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2022.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
17±8 pm |
| Atomic radius |
174 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(r.t.) (poly) 582 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
16.4 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(r.t.) (poly) 9.9 µm/(m·K) |
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
68.6 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
27.2 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
47.6 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.261 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
1160 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
893 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-94-3 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1906 |
2103 |
2346 |
(2653) |
(3072) |
(3663) |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
9.841 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
9.3 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1925 K,1652 °C,3006 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3675 K,3402 °C,6156 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
ca. 22 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
414 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.86 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 173Lu |
syn |
1.37 y |
ε |
0.671 |
173Yb |
| 174Lu |
syn |
3.31 y |
ε |
1.374 |
174Yb |
| 175Lu |
97.41% |
175Lu is stable with 104 neutrons |
| 176Lu |
2.59% |
3.78*1010y |
β− |
1.193 |
176Hf |
|
|
Lu
|
| | |
| General Properties |
| Name |
Thorium |
| Symbol |
Th |
| Atomic Number |
90 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈθɔəriəm/thohr-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
232.0381 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3, 2 (weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 587 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1110 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 1930 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
206±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
179 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Face-centered cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(0 °C) 147 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
12 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 11.0 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 2490 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
79 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
31 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
54 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.27 |
| Mohs hardness |
3.0 |
| Vickers hardness |
350 MPa |
| Brinell hardness |
400 MPa |
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-29-1 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
2633 |
2907 |
3248 |
3683 |
4259 |
5055 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
11.7 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
2115 K,1842 °C,3348 °F |
| Boiling Point |
5061 K,4788 °C,8650 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
13.81 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
514 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.230 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 228Th |
trace |
1.9116 years |
α |
5.520 |
224Ra |
| 229Th |
syn |
7340 years |
α |
5.168 |
225Ra |
| 230Th |
trace |
75380 years |
α |
4.770 |
226Ra |
| 231Th |
trace |
25.5 hours |
β |
0.39 |
231Pa |
| 232Th |
100% |
1.405*1010 years |
α |
4.083 |
228Ra |
| 234Th |
trace |
24.1 days |
β |
0.27 |
234Pa |
|
|
Th
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Protactinium |
| Symbol |
Pa |
| Atomic Number |
91 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm/proh-tak-tin-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
231.03588 |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2 6d1 5f2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3, 4, 5(weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.5 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 568 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
200 pm |
| Atomic radius |
163 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
tetragonal[1] |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic[2] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(0 °C) 177 nΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
47 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-13-3 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
2633 |
2907 |
3248 |
3683 |
4259 |
5055 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
15.37 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1841 K,1568 °C,2854 °F |
| Boiling Point |
? 4300 K,? 4027 °C,? 7280 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
12.34 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
481 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
26.230 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 229Pa |
syn |
1.4 d |
α |
5.58 |
225Ac |
| 230Pa |
syn |
17.4 d |
ε |
1.310 |
230Th |
| 230Pa |
syn |
17.4 d |
β− |
0.563 |
230U |
| 231Pa |
~100% |
32760 y |
α |
5.149 |
227Ac |
| 232Pa |
syn |
1.31 d |
β− |
0.31 |
232U |
| 233Pa |
syn |
26.967 d |
β− |
0.571 |
233U |
| 233Pa |
syn |
26.967 d |
IT |
0.0694 |
234Pa |
| 234Pa |
trace |
6.75 h |
β− |
0.23 |
234U |
|
|
Pa
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Uranium |
| Symbol |
U |
| Atomic Number |
92 |
| Pronunciation |
/jʊˈreɪniəm/
yoo-ray-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
238.02891(3) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3[1](weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.38 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 597.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1420 kJ·mol−11 |
| Covalent Radius |
196±7 pm |
| Atomic radius |
156 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
186 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Orthorhombic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(0 °C) 0.280 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
27.5 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 13.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3155 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
208 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
111 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
100 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.23 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-61-1 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
2325 |
2564 |
2859 |
3234 |
3727 |
4402 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
19.1 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
17.3 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1405.3 K,1132.2 °C,2070 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4404 K,4131 °C,7468 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
9.14 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
417.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
27.665 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 232U |
syn |
68.9 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| 233U |
syn |
159,200 y |
SF |
197.93[2] |
- |
| 234U |
0.0054% |
245,500 y |
SF |
197.78 |
- |
| 234U |
0.0054% |
245,500 y |
SF |
197.78 |
- |
| 234U |
0.0054% |
245,500 y |
α |
4.859 |
230Th |
| 235U |
0.7204% |
7.038*108 y |
SF |
202.48 |
- |
| 235U |
0.7204% |
7.038*108 y |
α |
4.679 |
231Th |
| 236U |
trace |
2.342*107 y |
SF |
201.82 |
- |
| 236U |
trace |
2.342*107 y |
α |
4.572 |
232Th |
| 238U |
99.2742% |
4.468*109 y |
α |
4.270 |
234Th |
| 238U |
99.2742% |
4.468*109 y |
SF |
205.87 |
- |
| 238U |
99.2742% |
4.468*109 y |
ββ |
- |
- |
|
|
U
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Neptunium |
| Symbol |
Np |
| Atomic Number |
93 |
| Pronunciation |
/nɛpˈtjuːniəm/
nep-tew-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(237) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2 6d1 5f4 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
6, 5, 4, 3[1](weakly basic oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.38 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 597.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
196±7 pm |
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
3 forms: orthorhombic,
tetragonal and cubic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
(22 °C) 1.220 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
6.3 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 13.9 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
(20 °C) 3155 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
208 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
111 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
100 GPa |
| Poisson ratio |
0.23 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7439-99-8 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
2194 |
2437 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
20.45 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
910 K,637 °C,1179 °F |
| Boiling Point |
4273 K,4000 °C,7232 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
3.20 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
336 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
29.46 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
|
|
Np
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Plutonium |
| Symbol |
Pu |
| Atomic Number |
94 |
| Pronunciation |
/pluËˈtoÊŠniÉ™m/ploo-toe-nee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(244) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f6 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.28 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 584.7 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
187±1 pm |
| Atomic radius |
159 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Monoclinic |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
(0 °C) 1.460 µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
6.74 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
(25 °C) 46.7 µm·m−1·K−1 |
| Speed of Sound |
2260 m·s−1 |
| Young's modulus |
96 GPa |
| Shear modulus |
43 GPa |
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
0.21 |
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-07-5 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1756 |
1953 |
2198 |
2511 |
2926 |
3499 |
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
19.816 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
16.63 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
912.5 K,639.4 °C,1182.9 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3505 K,3228 °C,5842 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
2.82 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
333.5 kJ·mol−1 |
| Molar Heat Capacity |
35.5 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 238Pu |
syn |
87.74 y |
SF |
204.66[2] |
- |
| α |
5.5 |
234U |
| 239Pu |
trace |
2.41 * 104 y |
SF |
207.06 |
- |
| α |
5.157 |
235U |
| 240Pu |
syn |
6.5 * 103 y |
SF |
205.66 |
- |
| α |
5.256 |
236U |
| 241Pu |
syn |
14 y |
β− |
0.02078 |
241Am |
| SF |
210.83 |
- |
| 242Pu |
syn |
3.73 * 105 y |
SF |
209.47 |
- |
| α |
4.984 |
238U |
| 244Pu |
trace |
8.08 * 107 y |
α |
4.666 |
240U |
| SF |
|
- |
|
|
Pu
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Americium |
| Symbol |
Am |
| Atomic Number |
95 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌæməˈrɪsiəm/
am-ə-ris-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(243) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f7 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2(amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 578 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
180±6 pm |
| Atomic radius |
173 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal |
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
0.69µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
10 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-35-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1239 |
1356 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
12 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1449 K,1176 °C,2149 °F |
| Boiling Point |
2880 K,2607 °C,4725 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
14.39 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
62.7 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 241Am |
syn |
432.2 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
5.486 |
237Np |
| 242mAm |
syn |
141 y |
IT |
0.049 |
242Am |
| α |
5.637 |
238Np |
| 243Am |
syn |
7370 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
5.275 |
239Np |
|
|
Am
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Curium |
| Symbol |
Cm |
| Atomic Number |
96 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈkjʊəriəm/kewr-ee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(247) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
4, 3 (amphoteric oxide) |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 581 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
169±3 pm |
| Atomic radius |
174 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal close-packed |
| Magnetic Ordering |
antiferromagnetic→paramagnetic transition at 52 K[1] |
| Electrical resistivity |
1.25µΩ·m |
| Thermal Conductivity |
10 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-51-9 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1788 |
1982 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (near r.t.) |
13.51 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at m.p. |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1613 K,1340 °C,2444 °F |
| Boiling Point |
3383 K,3110 °C,5630 °F |
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
? 15 kJ·mol−1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
62.7 J·mol−1·K−1 |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 242Cm |
syn |
160 days |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
6.1 |
238Pu |
| 243Cm |
syn |
29.1 y |
α |
6.169 |
239Pu |
| ε |
0.009 |
243Am |
| SF |
- |
- |
| 244Cm |
syn |
18.1 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
5.8048 |
240Pu |
| 245Cm |
syn |
8500 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
5.623 |
241Pu |
| 246Cm |
syn |
4730 y |
α |
5.475 |
242Pu |
| SF |
- |
- |
| 247Cm |
syn |
1.56*107 y |
α |
5.353 |
243Pu |
| 248Cm |
syn |
3.40*105 y |
α |
5.162 |
244Pu |
| SF |
- |
- |
| 250Cm |
syn |
9000 y |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
5.169 |
246Pu |
| β− |
0.037 |
250Bk |
|
|
Cm
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Berkelium |
| Symbol |
Bk |
| Atomic Number |
97 |
| Pronunciation |
/bÉ™rˈkiËli.É™m/bÉ™r-kee-lee-É™mless commonly/ˈbÉœrkli.É™m/berk-lee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(247) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f9 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 601 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
170 pm |
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
Hexagonal close-packed |
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
10 W·m−1·K−1 |
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-40-6 |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1788 |
1982 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
(alpha) 14.78 g·cm−3 |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
(beta) 13.25 g·cm−3 |
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
(beta) 1259 K,986 °C,1807 °F |
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 245Bk |
syn |
4.94 d |
ε |
0.810 |
245Cm |
| α |
6.455 |
241Am |
| 246Bk |
syn |
1.8 d |
α |
6.070 |
242Am |
| ε |
1.350 |
246Cm |
| 247Bk |
syn |
1380 y |
α |
5.889 |
243Am |
| 248Bk |
syn |
>9 y |
α |
5.803 |
244Am |
| 249Bk |
syn |
330 d |
α |
5.526 |
245Am |
| SF |
- |
- |
| β− |
0.125 |
249Cf |
|
|
Bk
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Californium |
| Symbol |
Cf |
| Atomic Number |
98 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˌkælɨˈfɔrniəm/
kal-i-for-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(251) [1] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f10 7s2 [2] |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3, 4 [3] |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 [4] (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 608 [5] kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
3–4[6] |
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-71-3 [1] |
| Vapour Pressure |
| P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
| at T (K) |
1788 |
1982 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
(alpha) 14.78 g·cm−3 |
| Melting Point |
(beta) 1259 K,986 °C,1807 °F |
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 248Cf |
syn |
333.5 d |
α (100%) |
6.369 |
244Cm |
| SF (2.9*10−3%) |
0.0029 |
- |
| 249Cf |
syn |
351 y |
α (100%) |
6.295 |
245Cm |
| SF (5.0*10−7%) |
4.4*10−7 |
- |
| 250Cf |
syn |
13.08 y |
α (99.92%) |
6.129 |
246Cm |
| SF (0.08%) |
0.077 |
- |
| 251Cf |
syn |
330 d |
α |
6.172 |
247Cm |
| 252Cf |
syn |
2.645 y |
α (96.91%) |
6.217 |
248Cm |
| SF (3.09%) |
- |
- |
| 253Cf |
syn |
17.81 d |
β− (99.69%) |
0.29 |
253Es |
| α (0.31%) |
6.126 |
249Cm |
| 254Cf |
syn |
60.5 d |
SF (99.69%) |
- |
- |
| α (0.31%) |
5.930 |
250Cm |
|
|
Cf
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Einsteinium |
| Symbol |
Es |
| Atomic Number |
99 |
| Pronunciation |
/aɪnˈstaɪniəm/eyen-stye-nee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(252) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f11 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 619 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
Paramagnetic |
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7429-92-7 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
8.84 g·cm−3 |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1133 K,860 °C,1580 °F |
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 252Es |
syn |
471.7 d |
α |
6.760 |
248Bk |
| ε |
1.260 |
252Cf |
| β− |
0.480 |
252Fm |
| 253Es |
syn |
20.47 d |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
6.739 |
249Bk |
| 254Es |
syn |
275.7 d |
ε |
0.654 |
254Cf |
| β− |
1.090 |
254Fm |
| α |
6.628 |
250Bk |
| 255Es |
syn |
39.8 d |
β− |
0.288 |
255Fm |
| α |
6.436 |
251Bk |
| SF |
- |
- |
|
|
Es
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Fermium |
| Symbol |
Fm |
| Atomic Number |
100 |
| Pronunciation |
/ˈfɜrmiəm/fer-mee-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(257) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f12 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3 |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 627 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-72-4 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1800 K,1527 °C,2781 °F |
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 252Fm |
syn |
25.39 h |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
7.153 |
248Cf |
| 253Fm |
syn |
3 d |
ε |
0.333 |
253Es |
| α |
7.197 |
249Cf |
| 255Fm |
syn |
20.07 h |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
7.241 |
251Cf |
| 257Fm |
syn |
100.5 d |
α |
6.864 |
253Cf |
| SF |
- |
- |
|
|
Fm
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Mendelevium |
| Symbol |
Md |
| Atomic Number |
101 |
| Pronunciation |
/ËŒmÉ›ndəˈlÉ›viÉ™m/or/ËŒmÉ›ndəˈliËviÉ™m/ |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
(258) |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f13 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3 |
| Electronegativity |
1.3 (Pauling scale) |
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 635 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
no data |
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
7440-11-1 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
1100 K,827 °C,1521 °F |
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 257Md |
syn |
5.52 h |
ε |
0.406 |
257Fm |
| α |
7.558 |
253Es |
| SF |
- |
- |
| 258Md |
syn |
51.5 d |
ε |
1.230 |
258Fm |
| 260Md |
syn |
31.8 d |
SF |
- |
- |
| α |
7.000 |
256Es |
| ε |
- |
260Fm |
| β− |
1.000 |
260No |
|
|
Md
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Nobelium |
| Symbol |
No |
| Atomic Number |
102 |
| Pronunciation |
/noʊˈbÉ›liÉ™m/ noh-bel-ee-É™mor/noʊˈbiËliÉ™m/ noh-bee-lee-É™m |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
|
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
f |
| Atomic Weight |
[259] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
2, 3 |
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 641.6 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1254.3 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2605.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
10028-14-5 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 257Md |
syn |
5 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 260No |
syn |
106 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 259No |
syn |
58m |
75% α |
7.69,7.61,7.53.... |
255Fm |
| 25% ε |
|
259Md |
| 258No |
syn |
1.2 ms |
SF |
|
|
| 257No |
syn |
25 s |
α |
8.32,8.22 |
253Fm |
| 256No |
syn |
2.91 s |
99.5% α |
8.45,8.40 |
252Fm |
| 0.5% f |
|
|
| 255No |
syn |
3.1 m |
61% α |
8.12,8.08,7.93 |
251Fm |
| 39% ε |
2.012 |
255Md |
| 254Nom2 |
syn |
198 µs |
γ |
|
254Nom1 |
| 254Nom1 |
syn |
275 ms |
γ |
|
250Nog |
| 254Nog |
syn |
51 s |
|
|
|
| 253Nom |
syn |
43.5 µs |
γ |
|
253Nog |
| 253No |
syn |
1.62 m |
α |
8.14,8.06,8.04,8.01 |
249Fm |
| 252Nom |
syn |
110 ms |
|
|
|
| 252Nog |
syn |
2.44 s |
75% α |
8.42,8.37 |
248Fm |
| 25% SF |
|
|
| 251No |
syn |
0.76 s |
α |
8.62,8.58 |
247Fm |
| 250Nom |
syn |
43 µs |
SF |
|
|
| 250Nog |
syn |
3.7 µs |
SF |
|
|
|
|
No
|
| General Properties |
| Name |
Lawrencium |
| Symbol |
Lr |
| Atomic Number |
103 |
| Pronunciation |
/ləˈrɛnsiəm/lə-ren-see-əm |
| Element Category |
Actinide |
| Category notes |
Sometimes considered a transition metal |
| Group |
n/a |
| Period |
7 |
| Block |
d |
| Atomic Weight |
[262] |
| Electron Configuration |
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 7p1 |
| Electrons Per Shell |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3 (Image) |
| Atomic Properties |
| Oxidation States |
3 |
| Electronegativity |
|
| Ionization Energies |
1st: 443.8 kJ·mol−1 |
| 2nd: 1428.0 kJ·mol−1 |
| 3rd: 2219.1 kJ·mol−1 |
| Covalent Radius |
|
| Atomic radius |
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
|
| Miscellanea |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Magnetic Ordering |
|
| Electrical resistivity |
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
|
| Thermal expansion |
|
| Speed of Sound |
|
| Young's modulus |
|
| Shear modulus |
|
| Bulk modulus |
|
| Poisson ratio |
|
| Mohs hardness |
|
| Vickers hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness |
|
| CAS Registry Number |
22537-19-5 |
|
| Physical Properties | |
| Color |
|
| Phase |
Solid |
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Density (ner r.t.) |
|
| Liquid Density at b.p. |
|
| Melting Point |
|
| Boiling Point |
|
| Triple Point |
|
| Critical Point |
|
| Heat of Fusion |
|
| Heat of Vaporization |
|
| Molar Heat Capacity |
|
| Most Stable Isotopes |
| iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
| 262Lr |
syn |
3.6 h |
EC |
|
262No |
| 261Lr |
syn |
44 m |
SF/EC? |
|
|
| 260Lr |
syn |
2.7 m |
alpha |
8.04 |
256Md |
| 259Lr |
syn |
6.2 s |
78% alpha |
8.44 |
255Md |
| 22% SF |
|
|
| 258Lr |
syn |
4.1 s |
alpha |
8.68,8.65,8.62,8.59 |
254Md |
| 257Lr |
syn |
0.65 s |
alpha |
8.86,8.80 |
253Md |
| 256Lr |
27 s |
alpha |
8.62,8.52,8.32... |
252Md |
253Md |
| 255Lr |
syn |
21.5 s |
alpha |
8.43,8.37 |
251Md |
| 254Lr |
syn |
13 s |
78% alpha |
8.46,8.41 |
250Md |
| 22% EC |
|
254No |
| 253Lrm |
syn |
0.57 s |
alpha |
8.79 |
249Md |
| 253Lrg |
syn |
1.49 s |
92% alpha |
8.72 |
249Md |
| 8% SF |
|
|
| 252Lr |
syn |
0.36 s |
alpha |
9.02,8.97 |
248Md |
|
|
Lr
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
